Cited by 394Metabolism and Genetic DisordersParkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Substantial Production of Dopamine in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

Eisenhofer, Graeme, Åneman, Anders, Friberg, Peter, Hooper, Douglas, Fåndriks, Lars, Lonroth, Hans, Hunyady, Béla, Mezey, Eva·1997·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

Abstract

Considerable urinary excretion of dopamine metabolites indicates that large amounts of dopamine are produced in unknown locations of the body. This study assessed the contribution of mesenteric organs (gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas) to the total body production of dopamine in humans and examined the presence of the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase, in gastrointestinal tissues. Blood sampled from an artery and portal and hepatic veins in eight subjects and from arterial and renal venous sites in other subjects was analyzed for plasma concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites. The activity and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase was also examined in tissue samples from the stomach and duodenum. Higher concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites in portal venous than arterial plasma indicated substantial production of dopamine by mesenteric organs (12.0 nmol/min) amounting to 42-46% of the renal removal of circulating dopamine metabolites. Tissue samples showed immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nonneuronal cell bodies and detectable levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in nonneuronal cell bodies and detectable levels of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme activity. The results show that mesenteric organs produce close to half of the dopamine formed in the body, most of which is unlikely to be derived from sympathetic nerves but may reflect production in a novel nonneuronal dopaminergic system.

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Crossref · 10.1210/jcem.82.11.4339

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Authors
Eisenhofer, G., Åneman, A., Friberg, P., Hooper, D., Fåndriks, L., Lonroth, H., Hunyady, B., & Mezey, E.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Venue
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Published
1997-11
Volume
82
Issue
11
Pages
3864-3871
ISSN
  • 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7197
OpenAlex
W2171081455
Cited by
394
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
FWCI
2.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Rockefeller Foundation
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
dopamine synthesis, gastrointestinal tract, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine metabolites, spleen, pancreas, stomach, duodenum
MeSH terms
Aged, Arteries, Blood Flow Velocity, Digestive System, Dihydroxyphenylalanine, Dopamine, Duodenum, Female, Gastric Mucosa, Humans, Kidney, Male, Middle Aged, Norepinephrine, Pancreas, Portal Vein, Spleen, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

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