Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among the metabolic, peripheral immune, and central nervous systems via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it is not well understood how the gut microbiome and neurons in the brain mutually interact or how these interactions affect normal brain functioning and cognition. We summarize the mechanisms whereby the gut microbiota regulate the production, transportation, and functioning of neurotransmitters. We also discuss how microbiome dysbiosis affects cognitive function, especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
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Dysbiosis caused by dietary changes, antibiotic exposure, or chronic illness may disrupt production of compounds such as serotonin or GABA, potentially impacting appetite, food intake, mood, anxiety, or depression.
“Although still emerging, this field suggests that dysbiosis caused by dietary changes, antibiotic exposure, or chronic illness may disrupt the production of compounds such as serotonin or GABA, potentially impacting appetite, food intake, mood, anxiety, or depression [91,92].”
From The Seven Methods for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status—ABCDEFG: Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
Section 3.1 says dietary changes can alter gut microbes and neurotransmitter synthesis, and that antibiotics alter neurotransmitter levels and their precursors. Section 3.4 links microbial changes and serotonin or GABA dysregulation to anxiety and depression. The copy does not establish the claimed effects on appetite or food intake, or identify chronic illness as a cause of the dysbiosis in this chain. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExcessive glutamate levels trigger neuronal death through excitotoxicity and are implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, and glutamatergic signaling is influenced by the gut microbiome.
“However, excessive glutamate levels trigger neuronal death through excitotoxicity and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.534 Similar to the neurotransmitter systems discussed previously, glutamatergic signaling is influenced by the gut microbiome.465”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [465]
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Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
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The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis
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- Authors
- Chen, Y., Xu, J., & Chen, Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Yu
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-06-19
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2099
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8234057
- OpenAlex
- W3175256745
- Cited by
- 917
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 166 · 2025: 288 · 2024: 227 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 10
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFE0203600)
- Guangdong Provincial Fund for Basic and Applied Basic Research (2019B1515130004)
- NSFC-RGC Joint Research Scheme (32061160472)
- Guangdong Provincial Key S&T Program (2018B030336001)
- Shenzhen Knowledge Innovation Program (JCYJ20170413165053031, JCYJ20180507183642005)
- Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Fund (2019001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, neurotransmitters, microbiota-gut-brain axis, cognition, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dysbiosis, neurotransmitter modulation, gut-brain signaling
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Anxiety, Brain, Cognition, Depression, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Schizophrenia, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dysbiosis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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