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Alternative excitotoxic hypotheses
Abstract
It is known that asthma is a heterogeneous entity whose manifestations vary with age. Our objective was to examine changes in the manifestation of asthma and asthma-related traits in childhood by defining empirically derived childhood asthma phenotypes and examining their transitions over time. To define the phenotypes we used data on respiratory symptoms, healthcare utilisation, medications, spirometry, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), exhaled nitric oxide concentration and atopy from a birth cohort recruited on the basis of having a first-degree relative with asthma. Data were acquired at ages 1.5–11.5 years and analysed using latent transition analysis. In a study population of 370 participants, we classified subjects into four phenotypes: 1) nonatopic, few symptoms (prevalence range from 1.5 to 5 years: 52–60%), 2) atopic, few symptoms (3–21%), 3) nonatopic, asthma and rhinitis symptoms (13–35%), and 4) atopic, asthma and rhinitis symptoms (2–14%) in early childhood; and 1) nonatopic, no respiratory disease (prevalence range from 8 to 11.5 years: 41–46%), 2) atopic, no respiratory disease (23–33%), 3) nonatopic, asthma symptoms, no AHR or airway inflammation (8–12%) and 4) atopic asthma (19%) in mid-childhood. Transitioning between phenotypes was common in early childhood, but less common in later childhood. This analysis represents the first attempt to incorporate longitudinal patterns of several manifestations of asthma into a single model to simultaneously define phenotypes and examine their transitions over time. It provides quantitative support for the view that asthma is a heterogeneous entity, and that some children with wheeze and other respiratory symptoms in early life progress to asthma in mid-childhood, while others become asymptomatic.
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“Damage to glutamatergic neurons, in particular cell bodies and neurites in layers III and IV of the neocortex, together with damage to glutamatergically-innervated cortical and hippocampal neurons, are particularly evident in AD brain (Albin and Greenamyre 1992).”
From Alzheimer’s disease: Targeting the glutamatergic system (2020) · cites this paper as Albin and Greenamyre 1992
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“…neurons (Figure 6F). receptor hyperactivity as an early abnormality in theSignificant degeneration was present in the striatum pathogenesis of HD, consistent with the hypothesis ofof the YAC72 2498 mouse and in the YAC72 2511 line excitotoxicity in HD (Albin and Greenamyre, 1992; Coyleat 12 months.”
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“This scenario has become known as the “weak excitotoxicity” model (2,80).”
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“An important aspect of this concept is the fact that an increase in glutamate levels per se is not necessarily required, because changes in receptors sensitivity and their overactivation by resting levels of glutamate could also contribute to neuronal death (Albin and Greenamyre, 1992).”
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“These results, combined with the observations indicating an impairment of energy metabolism in patients with HD, suggested that metabolic anomalies in HD could result in the indirect activation of the excitotoxic cascade (Albin and Greenamyre 1992; Beal 1992).”
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“Glutamate activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAr), but excess glutamate can kill these neurons through excitotoxic processes (54).”
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“Neuronal loss accompanied by ®brillary gliosis is most obvious in the striatum, where striatal projection neurones are preferentially lost (Albin et al., 1992).”
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“Other than this classification system for excitotoxicity, this phenomenon can be further categorized as strong or weak excitotoxicity (Albin and Greenamyre, 1992).”
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“Furthermore, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity has been proposed to be responsible for cell death in neurodegenerative diseases (Young et al., 1988; DiFiglia, 1990; Albin and Greenamyre, 1992).”
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“An elaboration on this model suggests that metabolically compromised neurons might be more sensitive to excitotoxicity or other forms of toxicity (Albin and Greenamyre, 1992; Beal, 1992).”
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“Impaired energy metabolism, resulting from a toxic action of mutant huntingtin, may be detrimental to cells by inducing excitotoxic damage (100,101).”
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“Indeed, intrastriatal administration of exogenous glutamate receptor agonists, particularly those agents activating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor, reproduces the neuropathological features of HD (Beal et al. 1986; DiFiglia 1990; Albin & Greenamyre 1992).”
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“The symptoms of HD result from this selective vulnerability of neostriatal neurons, possibly because of an endogenous disequilibrium of energy metabolism and excitotoxicity (Parker et al., 1990; Albin and Greenamyre, 1992; Beal, 1992; Wallace, 1992).”
BackgroundNitric Oxide Acutely Inhibits Neuronal Energy Production
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“…has been postulated to occur in chronic neurological conditions whereby the combination of underlying defects in energy metabolism in neurons, combined with the stress of ongoing glutamate receptor activation, gradually produces neuronal damage or death (Albin and Greenamyre, 1992; Beal, 1995).”
BackgroundGinsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic cells stressed with glutamate
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“Because mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired energy me - tabolism has been implicated in HD pathogenesis ( Albin and Greenamyre , 1992 ; Beal , 1992 ) , it was also necessary to rule out the possibility that mithramycin protects by modulating MPT .”
BackgroundMutant Huntingtin Enhances Excitotoxic Cell Death
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Neuronal cell death in Huntington’s disease: a potential role for dopamine
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Expression of Normal and Mutant Huntingtin in the Developing Brain
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“Neurodegeneration in HD has been strongly linked to an excitotoxic mechanism mediated through NMDA receptors, either directly or as a secondary event associated with altered metabolism (DiFiglia, 1990; Beal et al., 1991, 1993; Albin and Greenmayre, 1992).”
BackgroundA further update on the role of excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease
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3-Nitropropionic acid animal model and Huntington' s disease
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Glutamate antagonists have different effects on spontaneous locomotor activity in rats
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Coenzyme Q10 and nicotinamide block striatal lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin malonate
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Subtype‐Specific Enhancement of NMDA Receptor Currents by Mutant Huntingtin
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Cystamine Inhibits Caspase Activity
Lesort, M. J., Lee, M., Tucholski, J., & Johnson, G. V. W. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m205812200 · Cited by 177
Alzheimer’s disease: Targeting the glutamatergic system
Conway, M. E. (2020) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-020-09860-4 · Cited by 180
Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity
Volbracht, C., van Beek, J., Zhu, C., Blomgren, K., & Leist, M. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04787.x · Cited by 175
“…AD are believed not necessarily to depend only on increased glutamate levels per se, but also on increased receptor sensitivity and over-activation by resting levels of glutamate (Albin & Greenamyre, 1992), followed by release of endogenous glutamate (Henneberry et al., 1989; Choi & Rothman, 1990).”
BackgroundTissue transglutaminase: a possible role in neurodegenerative diseases
Lesort, M. J., Tucholski, J., Miller, M. L., & Johnson, G. V. W. (2000) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00052-0 · Cited by 173
Glutamate–glutamine cycling in Alzheimer's disease
WALTON, H., & DODD, P. (2007) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2006.10.007 · Cited by 174
“Further specificity of neuronal destruction is evidenced by the targeting of specific cell types within these regions (Hyman et al., 1984; Greenamyre and Young, 1989; Albin and Greenamyre, 1992).”
BackgroundOkun, J. G., Hörster, F., Farkas, L. M., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200997200 · Cited by 174
The relationship between excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in the central nervous system
Bondy, S. C., & LeBel, C. P. (1993) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(93)90144-j · Cited by 161
Selective Neuronal Degeneration in Huntington's Disease
Cowan, C. M., & Raymond, L. A. (2006) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(06)75002-5 · Cited by 166
Bizat, N., Hermel, J., Boyer, F., Jacquard, C., Créminon, C., Ouary, S., Escartin, C., Hantraye, P., Krajewski, S., & Brouillet, E. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-12-05020.2003 · Cited by 163
Siderowf, A. D., & Stern, M. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00013 · Cited by 164
Ferrante, R. J., Gutekunst, C., Persichetti, F., McNeil, S. M., Kowall, N. W., Gusella, J. F., MacDonald, M. E., Beal, M. F., & Hersch, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-09-03052.1997 · Cited by 162
“Another hypothesis as to the pathogenesis of HD is that an impairment of energy metabolism may play a critical role by rendering neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity (Albin and Greenamyre, 1992; Beal, 1992, 1994, 1995).”
BackgroundBrowne, S. E., Yang, L., DiMauro, J.-P., Fuller, S. W., Licata, S. C., & Beal, M. F. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.001 · Cited by 170
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Keane, P. C., Kurzawa‐Akanbi, M., Blain, P. G., & Morris, C. M. (2011) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/716871 · Cited by 182
“Several mechanisms for excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative conditions have been proposed [50, 51].”
BackgroundGenetics and molecular biology of Huntington's disease
Albin, R. L., & Tagle, D. A. (1995) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93943-r · Cited by 159
Self-citationRosi, S., Vazdarjanova, A. I., Ramı́rez-Amaya, V., Worley, P. F., Barnes, C. A., & Wenk, G. L. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.017 · Cited by 158
Metadata
- Authors
- Albin, R. L., & Greenamyre, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 1992-04
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 733-733
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2058176457
- Cited by
- 574
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08ns001300-03, 5k08ns001487-03)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS01300, NS 01487)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
- Keywords
- asthma phenotypes, childhood asthma, asthma heterogeneity, phenotype transition, atopy, rhinitis, airway hyperresponsiveness, exhaled nitric oxide, wheezing, latent transition analysis, birth cohort
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Amino Acids, Chronic Disease, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Degeneration, Nervous System Diseases, Neurology, Neurotoxins, Receptors, Cell Surface, Receptors, Amino Acid
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