Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation
Abstract
This brief review focuses on the time course of changes in muscle function and other correlates of muscle damage following maximal effort eccentric actions of the forearm flexor muscles. Data on 109 subjects are presented to describe an accurate time course of these changes and attempt to establish relationships among the measures. Peak soreness is experienced 2-3 d postexercise while peak swelling occurs 5 d postexercise. Maximal strength and the ability to fully flex the arm show the greatest decrements immediately after exercise with a linear restoration of these functions over the next 10 d. Blood creatine kinase (CK) levels increase precipitously at 2 d after exercise which is also the time when spontaneous muscle shortening is most pronounced. Whether the similarity in the time courses of some of these responses implies that they are caused by similar factors remains to be determined. Performance of one bout of eccentric exercise produces an adaptation such that the muscle is more resistant to damage from a subsequent bout of exercise. The length of the adaptation differs among the measures such that when the exercise regimens are separated by 6 wk, all measures show a reduction in response on the second, compared with the first, bout. After 10 wk, only CK and muscle shortening show a reduction in response. After 6 months only the CK response is reduced. A combination of cellular factors and neurological factors may be involved in the adaptation process.
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The greatest declines in muscle function occur immediately following eccentric contraction-induced injury, yet markers of muscle damage are not fully apparent until 1-2 days after injury.
“Recall that the greatest declines in muscle function occur immediately following eccentric contraction-induced injury, yet markers of muscle damage are not fully apparent until 1–2 days after injury (34, 47, 52).”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
There is a dissociation between muscle function and histological markers of muscle damage that disputes the causal relationship that disruption of sarcomeric structures causes loss of muscle function after eccentric damage.
“However, there is a dissociation between muscle function and histological markers of muscle damage that disputes the latter causal relationship.”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Although the CK response to exercise-induced injury shows large inter-subject variability (19), peak values after one bout of high force eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors generally range from 1000 to 10 000 U/l and values of 6000 U/l and higher have been reported 2 days post-exercise (19,20).”
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Self-citationEccentric exercise effect on blood oxidative-stress markers and delayed onset of muscle soreness
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“Loss of force-generating power or torque has commonly been reported to be compromised within 2 h of the damaging bout of exercise (MacIntyre et al. 1996; Rodenburg et al. 1993; Sorichter et al. 1995), whereas creatine kinase concentrations have been found to peak anywhere from 1 (Koskinen et al. 2001) to 4 days W. A.…”
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“It has been shown that eccentric muscle action induces structural damage in animal (Armstrong et al. 1983; Lieber et al. 1996; McCully and Faulkner 1985; Warren et al. 1993) as well as in human muscles ( Clarkson et al. 1992; Fride´ n et al. 1983; Jones et al. 1986; Newham et al. 1987; Schwane et al. 1983).”
BackgroundMarginson, V., Rowlands, A. V., Gleeson, N., & Eston, R. G. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01193.2004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“The results for the men confirm that the eccentric exercise protocol was sufficient to induce damage because the symptoms experienced were of a similar severity to those reported in the literature and showed the expected temporal pattern (8, 13, 27, 43).”
BackgroundResultEston, R. G., Finney, S., Baker, S., et al. (1996) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419608727714 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
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The Effects of Compression Garments on Recovery
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“(8), however, found that peak swelling occurred 5 days postexercise.”
BackgroundMechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function
Huygaerts, S., Cos, F., Cohen, D. D., et al. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8050065 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“The exercise-induced muscle damage and its sequelae can reduce physical performance for up to several days [30] and are suggested to be a principle cause of the residual fatigue observed in soccer players following competition [27].”
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MR measurements of muscle damage and adaptation after eccentric exercise
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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Reduces Muscle Pain Caused by Eccentric Exercise
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Stretchable ultrasonic arrays for the three-dimensional mapping of the modulus of deep tissue
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“4) 78 .”
The Effects of Three Modalities on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
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“Although Clarkson et al.(9) and Croisier et al.”
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“Strength production may be impaired for up to 10 days [27, 28], while EIMD is also associated with both swelling and DOMS, which typically peak between 36 and 48 h [19].”
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“The reductions in peak power following the initial (1 h) decrement occurred during the typical arrival and peak (24± 48 h) of delayed-onset muscle soreness (Clarkson et al., 1992), which also accompanies muscle damage.”
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“…of muscle damage are myofibrillar disruption (Z-line streaming; Friden et al. 1983; Friden and Lieber 1998), prolonged loss of muscle strength (Clarkson et al. 1992; Gibala et al. 1995), decrements in motor control (Miles et al. 1997; Pearce et al. 1998; Leger and Milner 2001), changes in…”
BackgroundRate of force development as a measure of muscle damage
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“Exercise involving eccentric (lengthening) contractions results in muscle damage, especially when performed without previous exposure (Friden et al., 1983; Clarkson et al., 1992; Stupka et al., 2001; Paulsen et al., 2009; Raastad et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2013).”
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Muscle damage and muscle remodeling: no pain, no gain?
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“The damage to the contractile proteins usually leads to a loss of strength (maximal isometric force) (Clarkson et al., 1992).”
BackgroundPerspectives on Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Rawson, E. S., Clarkson, P. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0689-z · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“laboratory setting [42, 46, 47, 56, 62, 63], it is likely that”
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Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscle Atrophy
LaPier, T. K. (1997) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-199703000-00002 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
- Authors
- CLARKSON, P. M., NOSAKA, K., & BRAUN, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1992-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 512???520
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093625864
- Cited by
- 970
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- exercise-induced muscle damage, eccentric exercise, forearm flexor muscles, muscle soreness, muscle swelling, maximal strength, creatine kinase, muscle shortening, recovery time course, neuromuscular factors
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Creatine Kinase, Humans, Movement, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Tensile Strength, Time Factors, Exercise
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