The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Skeletal Muscle Is an Endocrine Organ
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle plays a key role in postural retention as well as locomotion for maintaining the physical activities of human life. Skeletal muscle has a second role as an elaborate energy production and consumption system that influences the whole body's energy metabolism. Skeletal muscle is a specific organ that engenders a physical force, and exercise training has been known to bring about multiple benefits for human health maintenance and/or improvement. The mechanisms underlying the improvement of the human physical condition have been revealed: skeletal muscle synthesizes and secretes multiple factors, and these muscle-derived factors, so-called as myokines, exert beneficial effects on peripheral and remote organs. In this short review, we focus on the third aspect of skeletal muscle function - namely, the release of multiple types of myokines, which constitute a broad network for regulating the function of remote organs as well as skeletal muscle itself. We conclusively show that skeletal muscle is one of the endocrine organs and that understanding the mechanisms of production and secretion of myokines may lead to a new pharmacological approach for treatment of clinical disorders.
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“Adaptations to weight loss (imposed by changes in diet and/or physical activity) are governed by a complex neuroendocrinological network that maintains a bidirectional relationship with a wide range of bodily tissues and organ systems, which can ultimately influence eating behavior and energetic balance [172–175].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [174]
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“It is well established that SkM constitutes a key organ for the oxidation of lipid, acting as an elaborate energy production and consumption system that influences the whole body's energy metabolism (Iizuka et al., 2014).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Iizuka et al., 2014
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1 retracted
Harada, S., Fujita‐Hamabe, W., & Tokuyama, S. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.11164fp · Cited by 23
RetractedA PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis
Boström, P., Wu, J., Jedrychowski, M. P., Korde, A., Ye, L., Lo, J. C., Rasbach, K. A., Boström, E. A., Choi, J. H., Long, J. Z., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10777 · Cited by 4,810
Neurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function
Huang, E. J., & Reichardt, L. F. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.677 · Cited by 4,394
Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-p superfamily member
McPherron, A. C., Lawler, A. M., & Lee, S.-J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387083a0 · Cited by 4,013
The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise
Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 · Cited by 3,100
SPECIFICITY AND VERSATILITY IN TGF-β SIGNALING THROUGH SMADS
Feng, X.-H., & Derynck, R. (2005) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.022404.142018 · Cited by 1,869
Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise
Rasmussen, P., Brassard, P., Adser, H., Pedersen, M. V., Leick, L., Hart, E., Secher, N. H., Pedersen, B. K., & Pilegaard, H. (2009) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048512 · Cited by 914
Interleukin‐6 myokine signaling in skeletal muscle: a double‐edged sword?
Muñoz‐Cánoves, P., Scheele, C., Pedersen, B. K., & Serrano, A. L. (2013) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.12338 · Cited by 774
Matthews, V. B., Åström, M.-B., Chan, M. H. S., Bruce, C. R., Krabbe, K. S., Prelovsek, O., Åkerström, T., Yfanti, C., Broholm, C., Mortensen, O. H., et al. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1364-1 · Cited by 722
Pedersen, B. K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048074 · Cited by 668
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Leal, L. G., Lopes, M. A., & Batista, M. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01307 · Cited by 382
“Myostatin Transforming growth factor beta superfamily (TGF-β) and related factors such as myokines are first candidate molecules identified in SkM, and reported to induce biological signals that regulate cell growth, regeneration, differentiation, transformation and death of SkM (Iizuka et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Brain Health
Liegro, C. M. D., Schiera, G., Proia, P., & Liegro, I. D. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10090720 · Cited by 451
Muscle as a paracrine and endocrine organ
Giudice, J., & Taylor, J. M. (2017) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2017.05.005 · Cited by 331
Myokines: The endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone
Gomarasca, M., Banfi, G., & Lombardi, G. (2019) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.010 · Cited by 283
Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Sarcopenia
Morley, J. E. (2016) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5 · Cited by 225
Metadata
- Authors
- Iizuka, K., Machida, T., & Hirafuji, M.
- Affiliations
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido (JP)
- ORCID
- Machida, Takuji
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
- Publisher
- Japanese Pharmacological Society
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-131
- ISSN
- 1347-8613 (ISSN-L)
- 1347-8648
- OpenAlex
- W2088924661
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle, myokines, exercise training, energy metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Collagen, Energy Metabolism, Fibronectins, Humans, Inhibins, Interleukins, Exercise, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Muscle, Skeletal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Activins, Follistatin, Adipokines, Myostatin
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