PreprintCited by 393Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations

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Hoffmann, Christoph, Weigert, Cora·2017·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Abstract

Exercise stimulates the release of proteins with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions produced in skeletal muscle, termed myokines. Based on the current state of knowledge, the major physiological function of myokines is to protect the functionality and to enhance the exercise capacity of skeletal muscle. Myokines control adaptive processes in skeletal muscle by acting as paracrine regulators of fuel oxidation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and regulation of the extracellular matrix. Endocrine functions attributed to myokines are involved in body weight regulation, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, suppression of tumor growth, and improvement of cognitive function. Muscle-derived regulatory RNAs and metabolites, as well as the design of modified myokines, are promising novel directions for treatment of chronic diseases.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1101/cshperspect.a029793

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229 of 229 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The production of positive myokines is as much promoted by physical exercise as it is repressed by physical inactivity.

    “Importantly, it is worth noting that the production of “positive” myokines is as much promoted by physical exercise as it is repressed by physical inactivity, highlighting the importance of lifestyle for healthspan 112.”
  • Alterations in myokine production associated with physical inactivity may mediate the onset of obesity.

    “Alterations in myokine production associated with physical inactivity may also mediate the onset of obesity.”
  • Physical inactivity is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity, reduced postprandial lipid metabolism, decreased muscle mass, and obesity.

    “Physical inactivity, that can be both a cause and a consequence of obesity, is known to be associated with decreased insulin sensitivity, reduced postprandial lipid metabolism, decreased muscle mass, and obesity.”

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Authors
Hoffmann, C., & Weigert, C.
Affiliations
  • Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
  • Helmholtz Munich (DE)
Venue
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
Published
2017-04-07
Volume
7
Issue
11
Pages
a029793
ISSN
2157-1422 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2605110590
Cited by
393
References
228
Citations by year
2026: 51 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 1
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GI0925)
  • Rigshospitalet
  • Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (SAW-FBN-2013-3)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords
myokines, skeletal muscle endocrine function, exercise adaptation, paracrine signaling, muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, body weight regulation, tumor suppression, cognitive function, muscle metabolites, chronic disease treatment
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Chronic Disease, Humans, Exercise, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal

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