Cited by 189Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

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Skeletal Muscle Is an Endocrine Organ

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Iizuka, Kenji, Machida, Takuji, Hirafuji, Masahiko·2014·Journal of Pharmacological Sciences

DOI 10.1254/jphs.14r02cp

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Abstract

Skeletal muscle plays a key role in postural retention as well as locomotion for maintaining the physical activities of human life. Skeletal muscle has a second role as an elaborate energy production and consumption system that influences the whole body's energy metabolism. Skeletal muscle is a specific organ that engenders a physical force, and exercise training has been known to bring about multiple benefits for human health maintenance and/or improvement. The mechanisms underlying the improvement of the human physical condition have been revealed: skeletal muscle synthesizes and secretes multiple factors, and these muscle-derived factors, so-called as myokines, exert beneficial effects on peripheral and remote organs. In this short review, we focus on the third aspect of skeletal muscle function - namely, the release of multiple types of myokines, which constitute a broad network for regulating the function of remote organs as well as skeletal muscle itself. We conclusively show that skeletal muscle is one of the endocrine organs and that understanding the mechanisms of production and secretion of myokines may lead to a new pharmacological approach for treatment of clinical disorders.

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Authors: Iizuka, K., Machida, T., & Hirafuji, M.
Affiliations: Health Sciences University of Hokkaido (JP)
ORCID: Machida, Takuji
Venue: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
Publisher: Japanese Pharmacological Society
Published: 2014
Volume: 125
Issue: 2
Pages: 125-131
ISSN: 1347-8613 (ISSN-L)
1347-8648
DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14r02cp
OpenAlex: W2088924661
Cited by: 189
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 1.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: skeletal muscle, myokines, exercise training, energy metabolism
MeSH terms: Collagen, Energy Metabolism, Fibronectins, Humans, Inhibins, Interleukins, Exercise, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Muscle, Skeletal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Activins, Follistatin, Adipokines, Myostatin

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