Digital Dystopia
Abstract
Autocratic regimes, democratic majorities, private platforms, and religious or professional organizations can achieve social control by managing the flow of information about individuals’ behavior. Bundling the agents’ political, organizational, or religious attitudes with information about their prosocial conduct makes them care about behaviors that they otherwise would not. The incorporation of the individuals’ social graph in their social score further promotes soft control but destroys the social fabric. Both bundling and guilt by association are most effective in a society that has weak ties and is politically docile. (JEL D64, D72, D83, D91, K38, Z13)
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Social media risks losing their independent voice when dominated by any central power, private or governmental, that could improperly meddle in the 'semi-public spheres' that they provide to society.
“social media risks losing their independent voice when dominated by any central power, private or governmental, that could improperly meddle in the 'semi-public spheres' that they provide to society (Habermas, 2022, p. 167; see also Tirole, 2021).”
From Make Social Media Social Again: How Platform Interoperability Can Fix Social Media and Future‐Proof Democracy (2025) · cites this paper as Tirole, 2021
Cites
Incentives and Prosocial Behavior
Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.96.5.1652 · Cited by 3,357 · see citing works
How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression
KING, G., PAN, J., & ROBERTS, M. E. (2013) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055413000014 · Cited by 2,415 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, King et al (2013) argue that the Chinese government’s main concern is to prevent collective expression; the paper finds that some forms of small, isolated protests and of criticism of party officials (in particular local ones) are tolerated by the censorship, while anything that could…”
BackgroundBernheim, B. (1994) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261957 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially
Ariely, D., Bracha, A., & Meier, S. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.1.544 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Social Norms and Community Enforcement
Kandori, M. (1992) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297925 · Cited by 1,574 · see citing works
Gentzkow, M., & Kamenica, E. (2024) · World Scientific Series in Economic Theory · doi:10.1257/aer.101.6.2590 · Cited by 1,536 · see citing works
Acquisti, A., Taylor, C., & Wagman, L. (2016) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.54.2.442 · Cited by 1,283 · see citing works
Testing for Altruism and Social Pressure in Charitable Giving
DellaVigna, S., List, J. A., & Malmendier, U. (2012) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjr050 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Jean Tirole, Z. (1996) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2298112 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Identity, Morals, and Taboos: Beliefs as Assets *
Bénabou, R., & Jean Tirole, Z. (2011) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjr002 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Crowding Out in Blood Donation: Was Titmuss Right?
Mellström, C., & Johannesson, M. (2008) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2008.6.4.845 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Pride and Prejudice: The Human Side of Incentive Theory
Ellingsen, T., & Johannesson, M. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.3.990 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Optimal Information Disclosure
Rayo, L., & Segal, I. (2010) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/657922 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Prendergast, C. J., & Topel, R. (1996) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/262048 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma with Anonymous Random Matching
Ellison, G. (1994) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297904 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Fischer, P. E., & Verrecchia, R. E. (2000) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr.2000.75.2.229 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda
Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.1.117 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Bursztyn, L., & Jensen, R. (2017) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103625 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Hardt, M., Megiddo, N., Papadimitriou, C. H., & Wootters, M. K. (2016) · Conference on Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science · doi:10.1145/2840728.2840730 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20170947 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Bergemann, D., Bonatti, A., & Gan, T. (2019) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/1756-2171.12407 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Seabright, P. (2010) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400834785 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Cool to be Smart or Smart to be Cool? Understanding Peer Pressure in Education
Bursztyn, L., Egorov, G., & Jensen, R. (2018) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdy026 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Frankel, A. P., & Kartik, N. (2018) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/701604 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Social Signaling and Childhood Immunization: A Field Experiment in Sierra Leone
Karing, A. (2024) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjae025 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Consumer Scores and Price Discrimination
Bonatti, A., & Cisternas, G. (2019) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdz046 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Prat, A. (2018) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/698107 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Sequences of Games with Varying Opponents
Rosenthal, R. W. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914005 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ali, S. N., & Miller, D. A. W. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20130768 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Public Goods, Social Pressure, and the Choice Between Privacy and Publicity
Daughety, A. F., & Reinganum, J. F. (2010) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.2.2.191 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Improving Information from Manipulable Data
Frankel, A. P., & Kartik, N. (2021) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvab017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Toward a Reputation State: The Social Credit System Project of ChinaPreprint
Dai, X. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3193577 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Information and VolatilityPreprint
Bergemann, D., Heumann, T., & Morris, S. E. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2449264 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Norms, Enforcement, and Tax Evasion
Besley, T. J., Jensen, A., & Persson, T. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25575 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ball, I. (2025) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20230275 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Coarse Grades: Informing the Public by Withholding Information
Harbaugh, R., & Rasmusen, E. (2018) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20130078 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Religion, Discipline, and the Economy in Calvin's Geneva
Valeri, M. (1997) · Sixteenth Century Journal · doi:10.2307/2543226 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sustaining Cooperation: Community Enforcement versus Specialized Enforcement
Acemoğlu, D., & Wolitzky, A. (2019) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvz008 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Image versus Information: Changing Societal Norms and Optimal Privacy
Ali, S. N., & Bénabou, R. (2020) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20180052 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
̧ski, M. P., & Szentes, B. (2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2412 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A theory of esteem based peer pressure
Adriani, F., & Sonderegger, S. (2019) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2019.03.010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Individual vs. Social Motives in Identity Choice: Theory and Evidence from ChinaPreprint
Jia, R., & Persson, T. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3029045 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Deadweight Loss of Social RecognitionPreprint
Butera, L., Metcalfe, R., Morrison, W. G., & Taubinsky, D. (2019) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda
Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.1.117 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Data-intensive Innovation and the State: Evidence from AI Firms in China
Beraja, M., Yang, D. Y., & Yuchtman, N. (2022) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdac056 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Too Much Data: Prices and Inefficiencies in Data Markets
Acemoğlu, D., Makhdoumi, A., Malekian, A., & Ozdaglar, A. (2022) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20200200 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Acemoğlu, D. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29247 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Beraja, M., Kao, A., Yang, D. Y., & Yuchtman, N. (2023) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjad012 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Taming Platform Power: Taking Accountability into Account in the Management of Platforms
Rahman, H. A., Karunakaran, A., & Cameron, L. D. (2024) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2022.0090 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Economics of Digital Privacy
Avi Goldfarb, B., & Que, V. F. (2023) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-082322-014346 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Law and Norms: Empirical Evidence
Lane, T., Nosenzo, D., & Sonderegger, S. (2023) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20210970 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Information Control and Public Support for Social Credit Systems in China
Xu, X., Kostka, G., & Cao, X. (2021) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/718358 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Data-intensive Innovation and the State: Evidence from AI Firms in China
Beraja, M., Yang, D., & Yuchtman, N. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27723 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
In Government We Trust: Implicit Political Trust and Regime Support in China
Huang, H., Intawan, C., & Nicholson, S. P. (2022) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592722001037 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Solutionist Ethic and the Spirit of Digital Capitalism
Nachtwey, O., & Seidl, T. (2023) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/02632764231196829 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Exporting the Surveillance State via Trade in AI
Beraja, M., Kao, A., Yang, D. Y., & Yuchtman, N. (2023) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w31676 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
When Big Data Enables Behavioral Manipulation
Acemoğlu, D., Makhdoumi, A., Malekian, A., & Ozdaglar, A. (2025) · American Economic Review Insights · doi:10.1257/aeri.20230589 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Yang, L., Yang, W., Nan, L., & Gu, Y. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12120580 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Toward a better digital future: Balancing the utopic and dystopic ramifications of digitalization
Chatterjee, S., & Sarker, S. (2024) · Journal of strategic information systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2024.101834 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The science fiction science method
Rahwan, I., Shariff, A., & Bonnefon, J. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09194-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Authoritarian Surveillance and Public Support for Digital Governance Solutions
Karpa, D. F., & Rochlitz, M. (2024) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140241290208 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Destructive digital entrepreneurship
Naudé, W. A. (2024) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781802206791.00029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Liang, A., & Madsen, E. (2020) · ACM Conference on Economics and Computation (EC) · doi:10.1145/3391403.3399474 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Keeping an eye on the villain: Assessing the impact of surveillance cameras on crime
Ma, H., Xu, M., You, W., & Feng, J. (2025) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103557 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Beraja, M., Kao, A., Yang, D., & Yuchtman, N. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29466 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ecosystems as an Innovative Tool for the Development of the Financial Sector in the Digital Economy
Shinkevich, A. I., Kudryavtseva, S. S., & Samarina, V. P. (2023) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm16020072 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Layered Governance Approach to Regulating Big Tech
Murcia, M. J., & Suddaby, R. (2024) · Long range planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2024.102453 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comino, S., Galasso, A., & Graziano, C. (2024) · The Journal of Law Economics and Organization · doi:10.1093/jleo/ewae015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Harms of AiPreprint
Acemoğlu, D. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3922521 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The law and economics of the data economy: introduction to the special issue
Eger, T., & Scheufen, M. (2024) · European Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1007/s10657-024-09796-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on online consumption share: Evidence from China's mobile payment data
Xiong, Y., Cui, X., & Yu, L. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103976 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Incentive Complementarity Between Formal and Informal Enforcement
Jackson, M. O., & Xing, Y. (2024) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvae009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Morgulev, E. (2023) · Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.10.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of artificial intelligence on duopoly competition
Nie, P., Wang, C., & Wen, H. (2022) · Applied Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/13504851.2022.2083064 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jackson, M. O., & Xing, Y. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3153842 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence and shapeshifting capitalism
Grilli, L., Mariotti, S., & Marzano, R. (2024) · Journal of Evolutionary Economics · doi:10.1007/s00191-024-00865-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The mitigating effect of new digital technology on carbon emissions: evidence from China
Chen, J., Chen, Y., Liang, X., Yu, L., Sun, J., Luo, X., Zhang, M., & Wu, Z. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-31792-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Peer recognition, badge policies, and content contribution: An empirical study
Han, X., Li, Y., & Wang, T. (2023) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.08.021 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Economics of Digital PrivacyPreprint
Avi Goldfarb, B., & Que, V. F. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4356227 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring tourism digital risk: research framework and future agenda
Deng, P., Zheng, P., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2025.2546135 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Soltanzadeh, J., Blind, K., & Elyasi, M. (2023) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102582 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Regulation of Digital Platforms and the State's Use of Platform Technologies in ChinaPreprint
Prüfer, J., Graef, I., & Jeon, D. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4852160 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Morgulev, E., & Azar, O. H. (2026) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc10050146 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Norm enforcement on minorities: Evidence from traffic violations
Deng, X., Wang, T., Xue, L., & Yang, S. (2025) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.106930 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Luo, S., & Liu, C. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13223718 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Knowing Is Disturbing: Emotions and Public Attitudes toward Digital Control under Autocracy
Guo, D., & Kostka, G. (2025) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592725103551 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kitamura, Y. (2022) · Economic research series/Hitotsubashi University IER economic research series · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5591-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reimagining entrepreneurship in the digital age
Leite, E. F., Solano-Solano, J., & Elías, G. R. (2024) · Revista Científica Episteme & Praxis · doi:10.62451/rep.v2i1.39 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vergne, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.70048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nie, H.-H., & Yang, N. (2025) · Economic and Political Studies · doi:10.1080/20954816.2025.2450107
AI is transforming the economy — understanding its impact requires both data and imagination
Björkegren, D. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-025-04053-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Release, Detain, or Surveil? The Effect of Electronic Monitoring on Defendant Outcomes
Rivera, R. G. (2026) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20240517 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The impact of digital government on the green transformation of enterprises
Lu, X., & Ding, W. (2026) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2026.105179 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
OPADANJE DEMOKRATIJE I SLABA DRŽAVA
Jakšić, M. (2022) · Ekonomske ideje i praksa · doi:10.54318/eip.2022.mj.333 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Governing hyperobjects - new economics of AI regulationPreprint
Potts, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5215889 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maciel, D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5245913 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Future of Money or Quest for Good Money
Kitamura, Y. (2022) · Economic research series/Hitotsubashi University IER economic research series · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5591-4_8
Segment and Rule: Modern Censorship in Authoritarian RegimesPreprint
Heo, K., & Zerbini, A. (2023) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/np2j8
Collapse, Unraveling, or Great Simplification?
Naudé, W. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45582-7_7
Chen, H., Liang, J., & Ma, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Information Systems and Computing Technology (ISCTech) · doi:10.1109/isctech60480.2023.00037
None of Your Business! Efficient Disclosure Policies With Heterogeneous AudiencesPreprint
Pebereau, C. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4701993
León-González, P. J. L. (2024) · Revista Científica Episteme & Praxis · doi:10.62451/rep.v2i1.45
Yeğen, C. (2024) · Intermedia International e-journal · doi:10.56133/intermedia.1443796
Exploring the Dark Side of Social Media and Digital Consumer With a Dystopian Perspective
Güngör, A. S. (2024) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3767-7.ch013
Rule by Limited Democracy: Election Participation and Political Trust in ChinaPreprint
Zhang, Y. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4916207
van Vulpen, P., & Jansen, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5160239
Piermont, E. (2025) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.106971
Naudé, W. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82299-5_3
Moral Licensing: Prosocial Behavior in Public and Private SpheresPreprint
Hong, F., Jean Tirole, Z., & Zhang, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5257359
Rochet, J.-C. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77623-6_33
Conceptualizing the Impact of ICT On the Stability of China’s Authoritarian RegimePreprint
Švec, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5474247
When Competition Deceives: The Fragility of ManipulationPreprint
Küçükoğlu, S., & Ceylan, M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7981020/v1
Zhang, H. (2025) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soaf194 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mortágua, M., Ferreira, V., & Louçã, F. (2025) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/dtaf068
Akerlof, R. J., Holden, R. T., & Thornton, D. (2026) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2026.105574
Data Linkages and Privacy Regulation
Argenziano, R., & Bonatti, A. (2026) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20250190
Segment and Rule: Modern Censorship in Authoritarian RegimesPreprint
Zerbini, A., & Heo, K. (2026) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints)
Morgulev, E., & Lebed, F. (2026) · Culture · doi:10.3390/culture2030022
- Authors
- Tirole, J.
- Affiliations
- Toulouse School of Economics (TSE) and Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse (IAST) (email: )
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2021-06-01
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2007-2048
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4206148674
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 8.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- Toulouse Capitole Publications (University Toulouse 1 Capitole) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-17-EURE-0010)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Game Theory and Voting Systems
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Game Theory and Applications
- Keywords
- social control, guilt by association, social scoring, social graphs, prosocial behavior, authoritarian regimes, weak ties, soft control
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
