The DOI matches its Crossref record; 187 of the 187 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 66 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has It Proven So Difficult?
Open accessAbstract
Developing economies have found it hard to use natural resource wealth to improve their economic performance.
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Claims the paper makes
12 of 66 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and cross-country empirical work confirms that resource exports are associated with smaller tradable goods sectors.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Dutch Disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Brahmbhatt, Canuto, and Vostroknutova (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The repository description of Dealing with Dutch Disease (no page given) says that oil or mineral discoveries could be accompanied by contraction or stagnation in manufacturing and agriculture. It presents this as a theoretical possibility, not as a finding confirmed by cross-country empirical work about resource exports and the size of tradable goods sectors. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Partly supportedcites Ismail (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed paper summary (section labeled “24 Field Citation Ratio”; no page given) reports a cross-country analysis finding that permanent oil-price increases negatively affect manufacturing output in oil-exporting countries. That supports the claim’s direction, but the evidence concerns oil-price shocks and manufacturing, not resource exports generally or the size of all tradable-goods sectors. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Brahmbhatt, Canuto, and Vostroknutova (2010) find that countries in which the resource sector accounts for more than 30 percent of GDP have a nonresource tradable sector 15 percentage points lower than the norm”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Dutch Disease
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Brahmbhatt, Canuto, and Vostroknutova (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available copy’s description of the note (no section or page given) says Dutch disease could involve contraction or stagnation of manufacturing and agriculture. Searches for the 30-percent GDP threshold and 15-percentage-point difference found no passage reporting that comparison; the available text does not verify the attributed finding. (LLM, conf=0.69)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This distortion can have an intertemporal dimension, with the current government spending heavily on its favored group and passing on too little capital (or too high levels of debt) to the next government (Alesina and Tabellini 1990;Alesina and Drazen 1991).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Alesina and Tabellini 1990 source
The Introduction says each party represents a different constituency with preferences over public goods. Section 3 says the parties spend on different goods, while Section 5 explains that a government can leave debt for its successor to repay and reports a deficit bias. The paper supports the debt alternative in the citing sentence; it does not need to establish the separate capital alternative. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites Alesina and Drazen 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Amongst resource-rich countries, Chile's fiscal constitution has been largely successful (Frankel 2011).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Frankel 2011
Section II says Chile’s structural budget rule has succeeded in implementing countercyclical fiscal policy and describes its fiscal institutions as a particularly striking success among commodity exporters. The case-of-Chile section also reports that the rule enabled savings during the copper boom and fiscal easing during the 2008–09 recession. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Besley and Persson (2008) find that an increase in commodity prices (a measure of resource revenues exogenous to each country) significantly increases the incidence of conflict.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Besley and Persson (2008) source
The Data section describes world-market commodity price changes as exogenous variation in resource rents and interprets a higher export price index as a positive shock to those rents. The Empirical results section reports a statistically significant increase in civil-war probability with higher non-oil export prices. The paper also finds effects for import prices, through a different mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the positive relationship between resource abundance and levels of corruption is established in a number of studies (for example, Ades and Di Tella 1999; Leite and Weidman 1999).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ades and Di Tella 1999 source
- Partly supportedcites Leite and Weidman 1999 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says natural resource abundance helps determine a country’s level of corruption, and the Corruption Regression reports higher corruption associated with fuel and ores. But that section also reports lower corruption associated with agriculture and food, so the paper does not establish an unqualified positive relationship across all natural resources. Our copy provides no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“while Ismail (2010) finds that a 10 percent increase in a measure of oil revenues is associated with an average 3.4 percent fall in value added across manufacturing.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Dutch Disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Ismail (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study summary in our copy (section labeled “24 Field Citation Ratio”; no page given) says that permanent oil-price increases negatively affect manufacturing output in oil-exporting countries. It does not give the claimed 10 percent increase in oil revenues or the average 3.4 percent fall in manufacturing value added; searches for those figures returned no matching passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Research suggests that the level and composition of exports is particularly important for economic growth ( Jones and Olken 2008; Hausmann, Pritchett, and Rodrick 2005)”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Dutch Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jones and Olken 2008 source
- Partly supportedcites Hausmann, Pritchett, and Rodrick 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3, “Growth accelerations: basic results” (page unavailable), reports that export ratios rise during growth accelerations, supporting the point about the level of exports. It does not address the composition of exports, and it cautions that the observed relationship does not establish causality. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In Nigeria, theft of crude oil (known as “bunkering”) is estimated to run at 10-15 percent of total production (Katsouris and Sayne 2013; Council on Foreign Relations 2015).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Katsouris and Sayne 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Council on Foreign Relations 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, saving in these low-income resource-rich economies has generally been low.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 48
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Important later contributions include Mehlum, Moene, and Torvik (2006) who interact resource abundance with institutional quality and find the negative effect of resource-richness on growth to be present (and larger) only for countries with poor institutional quality, the break-even point being around the institutional quality of Botswana.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Mehlum, Moene, and Torvik (2006) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4 (Testing; page unavailable) reports a positive resource-abundance–institutional-quality interaction and says the resource curse weakens as institutional quality rises, disappearing above an index threshold of about 0.93. Section 1 (Introduction; page unavailable) describes Botswana as resource-rich with strong growth and a favorable corruption score, but does not place its institutional-quality index near that threshold. The Botswana break-even comparison is therefore unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Dube and Vargas (2013) add an interesting twist: using regional data for Colombia, they find that higher oil prices increased conflict while increases in coffee prices had the opposite effect, possibly by increasing the value of devoting labor time to coffee production.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dube and Vargas (2013) source
Section 5.3 reports that rising oil prices increased attacks in oil regions, specifically paramilitary attacks, while rising coffee prices reduced violence in coffee-intensive areas. The Introduction supports the proposed labor mechanism: it reports that falling coffee prices lowered wages more in coffee-intensive municipalities and identifies opportunity cost as the more important channel for coffee. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other tradable activities will be displaced, partly as factors of production are drawn into resource extraction, and partly as they are employed to meet increased demand for nontradables arising from domestic spending of resource revenues (Corden and Neary 1982).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Dutch Disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Corden and Neary 1982 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In ‘Effects of the Boom on Outputs,’ the paper describes manufacturing contracting as labour moves into the booming energy sector and as increased demand for services contributes to a real appreciation. But its later analysis (p. 837) says that, under some factor-intensity configurations, the spending effect can instead raise manufacturing output and overall de-industrialisation is not assured. The claim’s unqualified ‘will be displaced’ overstates that result. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“An example is the Zambian copper industry which, following an unsuccessful privatization, was resold with a fiscal regime that was equivalent to an effective royalty rate of 0.6 percent, one-tenth that of comparable mining projects (Adam and Simpasa 2011).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Adam and Simpasa 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When governments have sought to invest savings from resource revenues, the results have often been inefficient in both design and implementation.There are numerous white elephant projects, and resource-rich countries perform poorly on the IMF's index of public investment management efficiency (Dabla-Norris, Brumby, Kyobe, Mills, and Papageorgiou 2012).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dabla-Norris, Brumby, Kyobe, Mills, and Papageorgiou 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third, the growth performance of all the resource-rich economies as a group has been generally poor, although a few countries have done well-for example, Botswana, Malaysia, and Chile.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Botswana's Pula Fund has been successful in managing both long-run investments and stabilization.Spending by Botswana's government has been de-linked from current resource revenues, and revenues that do not meet government spending and investment criteria are invested abroad through the fund (IMF 2012b).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites IMF 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Amongst resourcerich developing economies, measures of volatility (for example, the coefficient of variation of export revenues) typically exceed those of nonresource-rich countries by 50 percent for mineral-rich countries and more than 100 percent for oil-rich countries.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was not until the 2000s (a period of rising commodity prices) that resource-rich countries grew faster, although even then per capita growth was similar in both groups of countries (IMF 2012b).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Abstract Using natural resources to promote economic development sounds straightforward.A country has subsoil assets such as hydrocarbons and minerals, which it seeks to transform into surface assets-human and physical capital-that can be used to support employment and generate economic growth.Such assets should be particularly valuable for capital-scarce developing countries, especially as revenues from their sale accrue largely in foreign exchange and can supplement the otherwise limited fiscal capacity of their governments.In practice, this transformation has proved hard.Indeed, few developing economies have been successful with this approach, and economic growth has generally been lower in resource-rich developing countries than in those without resources.It was not until the 2000s (a period of rising commodity prices) that resource-rich countries grew faster, although even then per capita growth was similar in both groups of countries (IMF 2012b).The term "resource curse" was coined (Auty 1993) to capture the underperformance of resource-rich economies, drawing attention to the weak performance of Bolivia, Nigeria, and Venezuela, amongst others.Successful use of nonrenewable natural resources involves multiple stages.Resource deposits have to be discovered and developed.If and when this is done, resource revenues are divided between investors, government, and other claimants.How are the terms of this division decided, and how are such revenues utilized by the recipients?There is likely to be intense pressure for current spending rather than investment in assets that will be productive over time.Investment in the domestic economy needs to be directed to high social return projects, but these may be difficult to identify and to implement.Placing the revenues in offshore funds may be appropriate for capital-rich economies, but does little to boost economic development in a capital-poor country.Ultimately, it is the private sector that will create the sustainable jobs and economic growth, so resource management has to be done in a manner that will support private sector investments.But even if revenues are effectively utilized, resource exports can appreciate the exchange rate and prove damaging to other tradable sectors of the economy-the so-called "Dutch disease" effect.An economy with substantial exports of natural resources can become overly dependent on a single volatile source of income, and this volatility can destabilize the macroeconomy.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites IMF 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the oil sector, the formation of such national oil companies occurred largely in the 1970s, and such firms now control 90 percent of world oil reserves and over 70 percent of production.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some of them have attained world-class efficiency levels, like Saudi-Aramco and Petronas of Malaysia.Others have failed to provide effective management, in some cases leading to dramatic declines in output, like the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation and Zambian Consolidated Copper Mines.McPherson (2010) details further country experiences.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McPherson (2010)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Looking just at developing countries, there has been a recent improvement in the relative performance of resource-rich economies, with average per capita growth rates of resource-rich developing economies equalling those of nonresource rich in the 2000s, after being 1 percent per year lower in the 1990s.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These fiscal terms turned out to be unsustainable and were revised in 2008, breaching the fiscal stability assurances that had been given, but no action was brought against the government (Daniel and Sunley 2010).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Daniel and Sunley 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The use of auctions is now widespread (particularly for oil, less so for hard-rock minerals), but there are many instances of rights having been awarded in ways that are nontransparent and possibly corrupt, and thus not ending up with the best-qualified investor.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economist 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the twelve “prospectively” resource-rich countries, with new discoveries that are yet to be fully developed, nine are in Africa.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As is apparent, this measure of adjusted national saving is strongly negative for a large number of resource-rich low-income economies, and there is a negative correlation between resource rents and the savings rate.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 25 of these countries, resources make up more than three-quarters of exports, and in 20 of them resources provide more than half of government revenues.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Placing the revenues in offshore funds may be appropriate for capital-rich economies, but does little to boost economic development in a capital-poor country.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Abstract Using natural resources to promote economic development sounds straightforward.A country has subsoil assets such as hydrocarbons and minerals, which it seeks to transform into surface assets-human and physical capital-that can be used to support employment and generate economic growth.Such assets should be particularly valuable for capital-scarce developing countries, especially as revenues from their sale accrue largely in foreign exchange and can supplement the otherwise limited fiscal capacity of their governments.In practice, this transformation has proved hard.Indeed, few developing economies have been successful with this approach, and economic growth has generally been lower in resource-rich developing countries than in those without resources.It was not until the 2000s (a period of rising commodity prices) that resource-rich countries grew faster, although even then per capita growth was similar in both groups of countries (IMF 2012b).The term "resource curse" was coined (Auty 1993) to capture the underperformance of resource-rich economies, drawing attention to the weak performance of Bolivia, Nigeria, and Venezuela, amongst others.Successful use of nonrenewable natural resources involves multiple stages.Resource deposits have to be discovered and developed.If and when this is done, resource revenues are divided between investors, government, and other claimants.How are the terms of this division decided, and how are such revenues utilized by the recipients?There is likely to be intense pressure for current spending rather than investment in assets that will be productive over time.Investment in the domestic economy needs to be directed to high social return projects, but these may be difficult to identify and to implement.Placing the revenues in offshore funds may be appropriate for capital-rich economies, but does little to boost economic development in a capital-poor country.Ultimately, it is the private sector that will create the sustainable jobs and economic growth, so resource management has to be done in a manner that will support private sector investments.But even if revenues are effectively utilized, resource exports can appreciate the exchange rate and prove damaging to other tradable sectors of the economy-the so-called "Dutch disease" effect.An economy with substantial exports of natural resources can become overly dependent on a single volatile source of income, and this volatility can destabilize the macroeconomy.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For a capital-abundant country, the usual answer is to accumulate foreign assets in a sovereign wealth fund, such as Norway's Pension Fund.For a capital-scarce country, the priority is to build domestic assets-including human as well as physical capital.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Principles
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Direct distribution to citizens may reduce the risk of corruption and improve the quality of investments undertaken, although the link from citizen dividends to efficient investment is questionable in a country with poorly developed financial institutions.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Principles
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One is that the efficient path of domestic investment will, quite generally, be different from the actual path of revenue, often building up more slowly and being less volatile.This suggests the need for a “parking fund”-that is, a way of placing revenues offshore until they can be used efficiently in the domestic economy.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Principles
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scarcity not just of capital as a whole, but of public funds in particular, suggests that government investment in infrastructure and in public health and education systems should offer high social returns.However, scarcity of funds does not automatically imply that high-return projects are immediately available.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Principles
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mongolia established a scheme, but it was scaled back dramatically in 2012 after exaggerated election promises led to transfers that exceeded resource earnings (Yeung and Howes 2015).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeung and Howes 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study by van der Ploeg and Poelhekke (2009) decomposes the effect of resource dependence on growth into a direct and a volatility effect, finding that the direct effect is positive but often dominated by the negative indirect effect through volatility.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Facts
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van der Ploeg and Poelhekke (2009) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Citizen dividend schemes are rare in developing countries.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transfers of resource revenues to the private sector are often achieved through highly inefficient mechanisms, with fuel subsidies being the most notorious example in which oil exporters are among the highest subsidisers.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, government can smooth spending, both across generations and also in response to short-run business cycle fluctuations, mitigating the risk of resource-induced macroeconomic instability.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Principles
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The case for government control is derived from the scarcity of public funds in developing countries and the need to increase public investment in human and infrastructure capital.Resource revenues can fund such investments without imposing taxes that will be distortionary and can be hard to administer in low-income countries.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Principles
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial discovery and development of a natural resource deposit requires investment by firms with considerable technical expertise.In developing countries, these firms are generally foreign-owned.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At least some fraction of public sector saving will be perceived to ultimately accrue to the private sector-for example, leading to expectations of lower future taxes or higher pensions-which can lead to changes in private sector behavior that may undermine government policy.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: At least some fraction of public sector saving is perceived by the private sector as ultimately accruing to it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the process through which licenses are allocated can raise difficulties.Ideally, this process is transparent, competitive, and can secure a high fraction of the rent for the state.Auctions will often be useful, but are not appropriate in all cases: for example, where there is a single dominant bidder.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An economy with substantial exports of natural resources can become overly dependent on a single volatile source of income, and this volatility can destabilize the macroeconomy.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Abstract Using natural resources to promote economic development sounds straightforward.A country has subsoil assets such as hydrocarbons and minerals, which it seeks to transform into surface assets-human and physical capital-that can be used to support employment and generate economic growth.Such assets should be particularly valuable for capital-scarce developing countries, especially as revenues from their sale accrue largely in foreign exchange and can supplement the otherwise limited fiscal capacity of their governments.In practice, this transformation has proved hard.Indeed, few developing economies have been successful with this approach, and economic growth has generally been lower in resource-rich developing countries than in those without resources.It was not until the 2000s (a period of rising commodity prices) that resource-rich countries grew faster, although even then per capita growth was similar in both groups of countries (IMF 2012b).The term "resource curse" was coined (Auty 1993) to capture the underperformance of resource-rich economies, drawing attention to the weak performance of Bolivia, Nigeria, and Venezuela, amongst others.Successful use of nonrenewable natural resources involves multiple stages.Resource deposits have to be discovered and developed.If and when this is done, resource revenues are divided between investors, government, and other claimants.How are the terms of this division decided, and how are such revenues utilized by the recipients?There is likely to be intense pressure for current spending rather than investment in assets that will be productive over time.Investment in the domestic economy needs to be directed to high social return projects, but these may be difficult to identify and to implement.Placing the revenues in offshore funds may be appropriate for capital-rich economies, but does little to boost economic development in a capital-poor country.Ultimately, it is the private sector that will create the sustainable jobs and economic growth, so resource management has to be done in a manner that will support private sector investments.But even if revenues are effectively utilized, resource exports can appreciate the exchange rate and prove damaging to other tradable sectors of the economy-the so-called "Dutch disease" effect.An economy with substantial exports of natural resources can become overly dependent on a single volatile source of income, and this volatility can destabilize the macroeconomy.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bilateral investment treaties offer investors protection against breach of contract.Where such treaties do not exist, countries can offer contract-specific stabilization agreements that guarantee terms (or equivalent value), the credibility of which can be reinforced by offering international arbitration and waiving sovereign immunity.Some of these agreements have been breached (as in the Zambian”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Daniel and Sunley 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nigeria's Excess Crude Account has played some role in stabilizing the economy, but its effectiveness has been undermined by failure of many state governments to ratify the federal Fiscal Responsibility Act that set up the fund; by absence of sound legal foundation; and by “ad hoc disbursements” (IMF 2011).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites IMF 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The scale of the problem is indicated by Collier (2007), who estimates that the value of known subsoil assets per square kilometer in Africa is just one-quarter of those remaining in OECD countries, which seems to be most likely a consequence of lack of exploration rather than resource-barren geology in Africa.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collier (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These upstream stages of resource management are complex, and the resource endowments of many developing countries remain underexplored and underexploited.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Gauthier and Zeufack (2011) study the experience of Cameroon, which was initially praised for setting up an offshore (and extra-budgetary) account to manage oil revenues, but from which about half of Cameroon's total oil revenue subsequently disappeared.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gauthier and Zeufack (2011)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Added to this, investors may be deterred by risk of hold-up.Investments are sunk and long-lived, and governments, present and future, will have an incentive to change contractual and fiscal terms once the investment is in place.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economists' usual characterization of this approach is the permanent income hypothesis which implies that, following a discovery of an exhaustible natural resource, consumption should increase by the expected annuity value of the discovery, with revenues in excess of this being invested to build a stock of assets sufficient to finance the consumption increment in perpetuity.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Principles
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall record on stabilization funds has been poor, with multiple episodes of boom and bust.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, investments in discovery and extraction of nonrenewable resources are inherently risky due to geological and price uncertainty.Investors are further deterred by uncertainty surrounding the local economic, institutional, and political environment.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Discovery, Development, and Rent Capture
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Kazakhstan, the government acted prudently, saving around one-third of oil revenue in a sovereign wealth fund.But the private sector ran up foreign debt of a similar magnitude, leading to a severe crash in 2007-2008 (Esanov and Kuralbeyeva 2011).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Esanov and Kuralbeyeva 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many other countries control is diffuse, often with national resource companies engaging in off-budget quasi-fiscal activities, such as running fuel subsidy or even social welfare programs.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each is militarily incapable of seceding from the 35 others but, by reducing central authority, the fracture has also diminished the effectiveness of resource governance-for example, by limiting the implementation of the national Fiscal Responsibility Act.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, to play this role effectively the finance ministry must have control of incoming revenues, along with sufficient political will and power to resist competing demands.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As case studies (Klare 2001) and statistical analyses (Fearon and Laitin 2003;Collier and Hoeffler 2004) show, it can provide both the motive and the means for insurgency, while also providing funds for the government (or those with access to government funds) to equip itself to retain power.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Klare 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fearon and Laitin 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Collier and Hoeffler 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While actual conflict can be devastating, the threat of conflict also matters in many situations where conflict does not actually occur.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Robinson and Torvik (2005), and Robinson, Torvik, andVerdier (2005, 2006) show that it is possible that a substantial fraction of resource revenues are dissipated this way and, if public employment is of lower social value than the alternative, real income can be reduced by a resource windfall.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Robinson and Torvik (2005)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Robinson, Torvik, andVerdier (2005, 2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the simplest of which is a model in which groups are powerful enough to obtain public spending for their projects even though the projects yield low social returns (Velasco 1999; Tornell and Lane 1999).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Velasco 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tornell and Lane 1999 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Ross (2012) shows that the democratic transitions that affected many countries in the 1980s and 1990s left most oil states untouched, a finding that is not due to simply the high incidence of autocracy in the Middle East.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ross (2012)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A centralized system of financial control and authority can help with fiscal discipline, too.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Resource rents alter the leader's probability of staying in power, and hence the economic, political, and military strategies that are pursued (Caselli and Cunningham 2009).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Caselli and Cunningham 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is usually little public or even official knowledge of the actual scale of resource revenues, and there is often a tendency to overestimate wealth and ignore trade-offs.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Malaysia, past experience of ethnic conflict led the government to commit to inclusive growth (discussed further in the following section).”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Causes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This changing structure of the economy has a counterpart in the balance of payments, as higher resource exports lead to some combination of higher imports or lower nonresource exports together with (depending on elasticities) an appreciation of the real exchange rate.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Dutch Disease
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In itself, structural change in an economy is not necessarily a problem, but it can have a negative effect on real incomes if it interacts with market failures.”
§ Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has > Dutch Disease
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Resource exports can appreciate the exchange rate and damage other tradable sectors of the economy (Dutch disease).
“But even if revenues are effectively utilized, resource exports can appreciate the exchange rate and prove damaging to other tradable sectors of the economy-the so-called “Dutch disease” effect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subsoil assets are property of the state in almost all countries except the United States.
“Subsoil assets are property of the state in almost all countries except the United States.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many resource-rich economies have weak governance that can be further undermined by political forces unleashed by the prospect of resource wealth.
“Yet many resource-rich economies have weak governance that can be further undermined by the political forces that are unleashed with the prospect of resource wealth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The private sector creates sustainable jobs and economic growth.
“Ultimately, it is the private sector that will create the sustainable jobs and economic growth, so resource management has to be done in a manner that will support private sector investments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Resource revenues are risky, volatile, and time-limited.
“One is the technical difficulty of handling resource revenues that are risky, volatile, and time-limited.”
The paper relies on this without support.
At least some fraction of public sector saving is perceived by the private sector as ultimately accruing to it.
“At least some fraction of public sector saving will be perceived to ultimately accrue to the private sector-for example, leading to expectations of lower future taxes or higher pensions-which can lead to changes in private sector behavior that may undermine government policy.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Many low and middle-income countries experience a stark contrast between the hopes raised by their natural resource endowments and the everyday reality of deprivation that many people face.”
From Reconsidering Sovereignty, Ownership and Consent in Natural Resource Contracts: From Concepts to Practice (2018) · cites this paper as Venables (2016)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting averaging periods in Table 1
MinorTable 1 labels its fiscal-revenue figures as averaged over 2006-1000, while its export figures and the figure covering both measures use 2006-2010. The fiscal-revenue period is inconsistent with those labels.
“Natural resource exports as % of total exports (2006-2010 average) Natural resource fiscal revenue as % of fiscal revenue (2006-1000) average)”
“Share of Exports and Fiscal Revenue from Natural Resources (average 2006-2010)”
Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Goldberg Shelley, 2015, Wall Street Daily, 1
- Sutton John, 2014, The Seventh Gilman Rutihinda Memorial Lecture, Delivered at the Bank of Tanzania, 10, 2014
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The evolution of the natural resource curse thesis: A critical literature survey
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“Therefore, economic growth and technological progress in ‘core areas’ of the world-system occurs at the expense of the peripheries (Jorgenson and Kick, 2003; Wallerstein, 1974), i.e. growth is fundamentally a matter of appropriation (Hornborg, 2016).”
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Sustainable development goal indicators: Analyzing trade-offs and complementarities
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“Because for less resource abundant countries, it is costly to convert the revenues generated from these resources into industrious resources (Venables 2016) especially in those countries where governance is not much efficient, and there is a negative affiliation between natural resources…”
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What Drives Successful Economic Diversification in Resource-Rich Countries?
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“The relationship, for example, has been generally non-negative during periods of commodity price booms in the 1970s, andmore recently since the early 2000s (James 2015; Venables 2016).”
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Natural Resource Rents, Local Taxes, and Government Performance: Evidence from Colombia
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“In a recent survey on “ Using Natural Resources for Development ” , Venables (2016) con fi rms these views but, like most of the literature, looking mainly at traditional macroeconomic arguments, such as the impact on the balance of payments, “ Dutch disease ” and rent seeking, and neglecting the…”
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“A rapid expansion of NR-based sectors was thought to lead to an increasing 'commoditization' of the production structure (Venables, 2016), slowing the transition to other technologically more dynamic fields of production.”
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“These percentage contributions indicate the importance of natural resources to economic growth and place Sudan within a group of 51 countries classified by the IMF as resource-rich countries over the period 2000–2006 (Venables 2016).”
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“Harding and Venables (2016) find that every $1 of resource exports decreases non-resource exports by 74 cents, while also increasing imports by 23 cents.”
BackgroundLawer, E. T., Lukas, M. C., & Jørgensen, S. H. (2017) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.08.005 · Cited by 74
Ringold, D., de la Brière, B., Rohner, D., Filmer, D. P., Samuda, K., & Denisova, A. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1005-3 · Cited by 74
Stranded Nations? The Climate Policy Implications for Fossil Fuel-Rich Developing CountriesPreprint
Manley, D., Cust, J., & Cecchinato, G. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3264765 · Cited by 72
“7 percent in 2013 to 2014. In addition, Green and Stern (2015) forecast that Chinese carbon emissions will peak by 2025.”
BackgroundThe Political Economy of the Resource Curse: A Development Perspective
Savoia, A., & Kunal Sen, A. (2021) · Annual Review of Resource Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-100820-092612 · Cited by 74
Trade openness, green finance and natural resources: A literature review
Wu, H. (2022) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102801 · Cited by 70
Improving the developmental impact of multinational enterprises: policy and research challenges
Narula, R., & Pineli, A. (2018) · Journal of Industrial and Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s40812-018-0104-2 · Cited by 74
“Not only does MNE activity in the extractive industry tend to develop in enclaves, thus limiting the scope for linkages of MNEs with the domestic economy, it is also prone to all the consequences encompassed by the concept of natural resource curse (Auty 1994; Venables 2016; Narula 2018a).”
BackgroundCorruption and natural resource rents: evidence from quantile regression
Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2017) · Applied Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/13504851.2017.1287849 · Cited by 69
“1van der Ploeg (2011) and Venables (2016) provide comprehensive surveys of this relationship.”
BackgroundSweidan, O. D., & Elbargathi, K. (2021) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102469 · Cited by 67
Institutions and place: bringing context back into the study of the resource curse
Orihuela, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137417000236 · Cited by 63
“For other reviews and discussions, see Humphreys et al. (2007), Ross (1999), Van der Ploeg (2011), Venables (2016), and Wick and Bulte (2009).”
BackgroundHow does natural resource dependence affect public education spending?
Sun, H., Sun, W., Geng, Y., et al. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3853-6 · Cited by 64
“…Zhenjiang 212013, China 2 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 3 Department of Economics and Management, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China Papyrakis 2015; Venables 2016; Havranek et al. 2016; Sun et al. 2018a, b).”
BackgroundChen, F., Tiwari, S., Mohammed, K. S., et al. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103307 · Cited by 64
Economic diversification in resource rich countries: History, state of knowledge and research agenda
Alsharif, N., Bhattacharyya, S., & Intartaglia, M. (2017) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.02.007 · Cited by 56
How to reduce the degree of dependency on natural resources?
Muhamad, G. M., Heshmati, A., & Khayyat, N. T. (2021) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102047 · Cited by 53
The role of economic growth and governance on mineral rents in main critical minerals countries
Shi, J., Liu, Y., Sadowski, B. M., et al. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103718 · Cited by 53
“However, to enable this shift towards new sectors, creating links between sectors and within sectors requires more effective management and policies that focus on complementarities depending on existing technological conditions and opportunities (Venables, 2016; Landini and Malerba, 2017).”
BackgroundOIL RENT, GEOPOLITICAL RISK AND BANKING SECTOR PERFORMANCE
Alsagr, N., & Almazor, E. V. H. (2020) · International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy · doi:10.32479/ijeep.9668 · Cited by 52
“Some contemporary studies further supported the “resource blessing” theory while discussing the impact of resource wealth on economic growth (Adams et al., 2019; Alexeev and Conrad, 2009; Asif et al., 2020; Smith, 2015; Venables, 2016).”
BackgroundResultDisaggregated analysis of the curse of natural resources in most natural resource-abundant countries
Yılancı, V., Aslan, M., & Özgür, Ö. (2021) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102017 · Cited by 56
Resource Discoveries, FDI Bonanzas, and Local Multipliers: Evidence from Mozambique
Toews, G., & Vézina, P. (2020) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00999 · Cited by 51
“…with premature deindustrialization (Rodrik, 2016), a lack of export diversification (Ross, 2017; Bahar & Santos, 2018), and a deterioration of democratic institutions (Tsui, 2011), and are hence often thought of as a curse (Sachs & Warner, 2001; van der Ploeg, 2011; Ross, 2012; Venables, 2016).”
BackgroundCurb your enthusiasm. Challenges to the development of lithium-based linkages in Argentina
Obaya, M., López, A., & Pascuini, P. D. (2020) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101912 · Cited by 62
The shifting natural wealth of nations: The role of market orientation
Arezki, R., van der Ploeg, F., & Toscani, F. G. (2018) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.002 · Cited by 48
“We can then get the following analytical predictions (see Appendix A): 8 See Frankel (2012), Venables (2016), Ross (2012), and van der Ploeg (2011) for recent surveys.”
Bach, V., Finogenova, N., Berger, M., Winter, L., & Finkbeiner, M. (2017) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.07.003 · Cited by 48
“Several of these resource rich countries are characterized by governments struggling to establish strong governmental institutions (Gylfason, 2001; Hodler, 2006; Venables, 2016; Siakwah, 2017) leading to low political stability and thus often high trade barriers (also called ”resource curse”).”
BackgroundImpacts of mineral resources: Evidence from county economies in China
Xiao-ping, H., & Mou, D. (2019) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111088 · Cited by 46
Solarin, S. A. (2020) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101799 · Cited by 47
3ie evidence gap maps: a starting point for strategic evidence production and use
(3ie), I. I. F. I. E., Snilstveit, B., Bhatia, R., et al. (2017) · doi:10.23846/wp0028 · Cited by 47
Amoah, P., & Eweje, G. (2021) · Corporate Governance : The international journal of business in society · doi:10.1108/cg-06-2021-0229 · Cited by 35
Alvarado, R., Cuesta, L., Kumar, P., et al. (2022) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102908 · Cited by 46
Are digitalization and human development discarding the resource curse in emerging economies?
Liang, H., Shi, C., Abid, N., et al. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103844 · Cited by 46
The evolution of resource nationalism: The case of Bolivian lithium
Obaya, M. (2021) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2021.100932 · Cited by 48
Natural resource endowment and human development: Contemporary role of governance
Chen, Y., Khurshid, A., Rauf, A., et al. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103334 · Cited by 45
The effects of natural resources on human capital accumulation: A literature survey
Mousavi, A., & Clark, J. (2021) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12441 · Cited by 45
Territorial development and mining. Insights and challenges from the Chilean case
Atienza, M., Fleming-Muñoz, D., & Aroca, P. A. (2020) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101812 · Cited by 43
“A growing body of literature has stressed the opportunities that extractive activity can bring to economic development (Lederman and Maloney, 2007; Morris et al., 2012; Venables, 2016), challenging the so”
Arif, A., Vu, H. M., Cong, M., et al. (2022) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102557 · Cited by 43
Mohamed, B. H., Disli, M., Al-Sada, M. S., & Koç, M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063705 · Cited by 47
Ahmed, N., Sheikh, A. A., Mahboob, F., Sibt‐e‐Ali, M., Jasińska, E., Jasiński, M., Leonowicz, Z. M., & Burgio, A. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15155422 · Cited by 43
Foreign Direct Investment in oil-abundant countries: The role of institutions
Carril‐Caccia, F., Baleix, J. M., & Paniagua, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215650 · Cited by 48
Relatedness and the Resource Curse: Is There a Liability of Relatedness?
Fitjar, R. D., & Timmermans, B. (2019) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1080/00130095.2018.1544460 · Cited by 40
“These effects are more severe when employment levels are high (Venables 2016).”
BackgroundEsposito, E., & Abramson, S. F. (2021) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/s10887-021-09187-w · Cited by 50
“For comprehensive reviews of the literature see, among others, Torvik (2009), Van der Ploeg (2011), Ross (2015), and Venables (2016).”
BackgroundDo fiscal windfalls increase mining conflicts? Not always
Orihuela, J. C., Pérez, C. A., & Huaroto, C. (2018) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2018.07.010 · Cited by 38
What determines volatility in natural resources? Evaluating the role of political risk index
Khan, A. A., Luo, J., Safi, A., Khan, S. U., & Ali, M. A. S. (2022) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102540 · Cited by 39
Huo, D., Chen, Y., Hung, K., et al. (2019) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2019.1679212 · Cited by 38
Do African resource rents promote rent-seeking at the expense of entrepreneurship?
Munemo, J. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00461-0 · Cited by 36
Ali, A., Ramakrishnan, S., Faisal, F., Akram, T., Salam, S., & Rahman, S. U. (2022) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02602-1 · Cited by 41
“To consolidate the learning on resource-growth-finance, previous researchers have attempted to conduct a review of the literature on the resource-growth nexus, such as (Badeeb et al., 2017; Deacon, 2011; Frankel, 2010; Gilberthorpe & Papyrakis, 2015; Van Der Ploeg, 2011; Van Der Ploeg & Poelhekke, 2017; Venables, 2016…”
MethodAhmad, M., & Zeeshan, M. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135689 · Cited by 35
Abnormal pricing in international commodity trade: Empirical evidence from Switzerland
Mehrotra, R., & Carbonnier, G. (2021) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102352 · Cited by 34
“…natural resource sector is critically important for meeting domestic revenue mobilization goals in developing countries which comprise 63 of the top 70 mining countries by contribution of the sector to the economy (International Council on Mining and Metals, 2014; Readhead, 2018; Venables, 2016).”
Long run agricultural land expansion, booms and busts
Barbier, E. B. (2019) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.011 · Cited by 40
How did Africa's Prospective Petroleum Producers Fall Victim to the Presource Curse ?
Mihályi, D., & Scurfield, T. (2020) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-9384 · Cited by 32
Real Exchange Rate Policies for Economic Development
Guzmán, M., Ocampo, J. A., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23868 · Cited by 32
“…failure is known as the resource curse.6 6 There are other dimensions of the resource curse, e.g., related to rent-seeking (for a thorough analysis of factors that have historically prevented economies rich in resources to make a proper use of them for fostering development, see Venables, 2016).”
Czech, K. (2018) · Acta Scientiarum Polonorum - Oeconomia · doi:10.22630/aspe.2018.17.3.32 · Cited by 31
“However, immense part of resource revenues’ variability is hardly predictable and generated mainly by the volatility of commodity prices [Venables 2016].”
BackgroundCurse or Blessing? An Empirical Re‐examination of Natural Resource‐Growth Nexus
Yanıkkaya, H., & Turan, T. (2018) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3374 · Cited by 33
Resource windfalls and public debt: A political economy perspective
Raveh, O., & Tsur, Y. (2020) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103371 · Cited by 26
Power relations and local agency: a comparative study of European mining towns
Görmar, F., Grillitsch, M., Hruška, V., Mihály, M., Nagy, E., Píša, J., & Stihl, L. (2022) · Urban Research & Practice · doi:10.1080/17535069.2022.2051066 · Cited by 38
“Yet, dependency on natural resources also brings a risk of crowding out other tradable industries (Venables 2016).”
BackgroundInvestigating the role of economic complexity in evading the resource curse
Destek, M. A., Hossain, M. R., Aydın, S., et al. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104131 · Cited by 31
Liu, X. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104224 · Cited by 30
Natural resource dependency, institutional quality and human capital development in Gulf Countries
Aljarallah, R. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04290 · Cited by 30
Natural Resources and Economic Development
Barbier, E. B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316875681 · Cited by 33
Lee, C., Lou, R., & Wang, F. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103864 · Cited by 29
How do extractive resources affect human development? Evidence from a panel data analysis
Dialga, I., & Ouoba, Y. (2022) · Resources Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100046 · Cited by 29
Challenging the set mining path: Agency and diversification in the case of Kiruna
Stihl, L. (2022) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2022.101064 · Cited by 30
How Africa's prospective petroleum producers fell victim to the presource curse
Mihályi, D., & Scurfield, T. (2020) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2020.11.003 · Cited by 29
Natural Capital, Institutional Quality and SDG Progress in Emerging Market and Developing Economies
Barbier, E. B., & Burgess, J. C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043055 · Cited by 29
Okolo, C. V., Wen, J., & Susaeta, A. I. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-31373-z · Cited by 29
The Role of Governance and International Norms in Managing Natural Resources
Cust, J. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0019 · Cited by 29
Tahar, M. B., Slimane, S. B., & Houfi, M. A. (2021) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102043 · Cited by 29
Building mining's economic linkages: A critical review of local content policy theory
Weldegiorgis, F. S., Dietsche, E., & Franks, D. M. (2021) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102312 · Cited by 28
Policies to Support the Development of Indonesia�s Manufacturing Sector during 2020�2024:
Bank, A. D. (2019) · doi:10.22617/tcs199910-2 · Cited by 34
Assessing the determinants of government spending efficiency in Africa
Adegboye, A. A., & Akinyele, O. D. (2022) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-022-00142-8 · Cited by 35
“…Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) owing to the international monetary fund (IMF) [55] and Venable [107] and covering the period between 2000 and 2020 following the era of strong growth in output and increased economic activities among most African…”
BackgroundInfluentialResources curse and sustainable development perspective: Fresh evidence from oil rich countries
Zheng, Z., Lisovskiy, A., Vasa, L., et al. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103698 · Cited by 27
The economic impact of oil and gas development in the Permian Basin: Local and spillover effects
Wang, H. (2020) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101599 · Cited by 27
From curse to blessing? institutional reform and resource booms in Colombia
Gallego, J., Maldonado, S., & Trujillo, L. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.006 · Cited by 28
The way to break the resource curse: New evidence from China
Luo, K., Wang, Q., & Liang, C. (2022) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102971 · Cited by 28
The impact of mining on spatial inequality: Recent evidence from Africa
Addison, T., Boly, A., & Mveyange, A. (2017) · Working Paper Series · doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2017/237-3 · Cited by 26
Natural Resources Curse in the Long Run? Bolivia, Chile and Peru in the Nordic Countries’ Mirror
Ducoing, C. A., Cajías, J. P., Badia‐Miró, M., Bergquist, A.-K., Contreras, C., Ranestad, K., & Hetland, S. T. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10040965 · Cited by 26
“Once the boom is over, skepticism develops, and researchers are trying to identify what has been done incorrectly [15].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Venables, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Venables, Anthony J.
- ORCID
- Venables, Anthony J.
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2016-02-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 161-184
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2267106946
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 136.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Natural Resources and Economic Development
- Social Sciences › Development › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Development
- Keywords
- natural resource wealth, resource curse, developing countries, resource endowment, fiscal system, revenue management, government spending, investment decision-making, economic performance, Botswana, Malaysia
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