Effect of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) on Rat Placenta Pathology and Perinatal Outcomes
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been reported to cause adverse effects on human health. Evidence has shown the association between PM2.5 exposure and adverse perinatal outcomes, and the most common method is epidemiological investigation. We wished to investigate the impact of PM2.5 on placenta and prenatal outcomes and its related mechanisms in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to a low PM2.5 dose (15 mg/kg) with intratracheal instillation at pregnant day 10 and day 18, while the controls received an equivalent volume normal saline. All rats received cesarean section 24 h after the last intratracheal instillation and were sacrificed with anesthesia. Blood routine tests (BRT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected for analyzing inflammation and blood coagulation. Placenta tissue sections underwent pathologic examination, and the levels of homogenate glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) were determined for oxidative stress estimation. RESULTS Increased absorbed blastocysts, and lower maternal weight gain and fetal weight were found in the PM2.5 exposure group compared to controls (p<0.05). Exposure to PM2.5 caused a significant increase of blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), platelets, and IL-6 levels (P<0.01). There were no differences in GSH-Px and MDA of placenta homogenate between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Placenta pathological examination demonstrated thrombus and chorioamnionitis in the PM2.5 exposure group. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 exposure can result in placental pathological changes and adverse perinatal outcomes. The placental inflammation and hypercoagulability with vascular thrombosis may play important roles in placental impairment, but oxidative stress appears to be less important.
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Around birth, exposure to fine particulate matter is linked to placental oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory changes, hypercoagulability and thrombosis.
“Several studies have shown relationships between perinatal exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in size (PM2.5) and placental oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, hypercoagulation and thrombosis161–166”
From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [161]
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report placental inflammation, increased platelets consistent with hypercoagulability, and placental thrombi after PM2.5 exposure in rats. They do not report placental DNA damage. The Results found no significant difference in placental oxidative-stress markers, and the Discussion says oxidative stress did not appear to play a major role. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInvestigators observed increased absorbed blastocysts and abnormal placental pathology following gestational PM2.5 exposure.
“Moreover, investigators observed increased absorbed blastocysts and abnormal placental pathology following gestational PM2.5 exposure.”
From Air pollution and children’s health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter (2021) · cites this paper as [89]
Liu et al. exposed pregnant rats to PM2.5 on gestation days 10 and 18; fetal weights were significantly decreased in the PM-exposed group.
“Liu et al. [89] exposed pregnant rats to PM2.5 on gestation days 10 and 18. Fetal weights were significantly decreased in the PM-exposed group.”
From Air pollution and children’s health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter (2021) · cites this paper as [89]
Pregnant rats exposed to a low dose of PM2.5 via intratracheal instillation on gestational days 10 and 18 showed increased IL-6 levels in maternal blood; however, oxidative stress appeared to be less important in this model.
“Pregnant rats exposed to a low dose of PM2.5 via intratracheal instillation on gestational days 10 and 18 showed increased IL-6 levels in maternal blood; however, oxidative stress appeared to be less important in this model [89].”
From Air pollution and children’s health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter (2021) · cites this paper as [89]
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- Authors
- Liu, Y., Wang, L., Wang, F., & Li, C.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
- Baotou Medical College (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Changzhong
- Venue
- Medical Science Monitor
- Published
- 2016-09-15
- Volume
- 22
- Pages
- 3274-3280
- ISSN
- 1234-1010 (ISSN-L)
- 1643-3750
- PMC
- PMC5036383
- OpenAlex
- W2519467055
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Medical Science Monitor (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Keywords
- PM2.5, placental pathology, perinatal outcomes, air pollution exposure, placental inflammation, interleukin-6, hypercoagulability, placental thrombosis, chorioamnionitis, oxidative stress, fetal growth restriction, gestational weight gain, rat model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Inflammation, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Lung, Particle Size, Placenta, Pregnancy, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Oxidative Stress, Models, Animal, Rats, Particulate Matter
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