Honesty in the digital age
Abstract
Modern communication technologies enable efficient exchange of information but often sacrifice direct human interaction inherent in more traditional forms of communication. This raises the question of whether the lack of personal interaction induces individuals to exploit informational asymmetries. We conducted two experiments with a total of 848 subjects to examine how human versus machine interaction influences cheating for financial gain. We find that individuals cheat about three times more when they interact with a machine rather than a person, regardless of whether the machine is equipped with human features. When interacting with a human, individuals are particularly reluctant to report unlikely and therefore, suspicious outcomes, which is consistent with social image concerns. The second experiment shows that dishonest individuals prefer to interact with a machine when facing an opportunity to cheat. Our results suggest that human presence is key to mitigating dishonest behavior and that self-selection into communication channels can be used to screen for dishonest people. This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, decision analysis.
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When interacting with a machine, people become more likely to be dishonest in pursuit of monetary rewards.
“They become more likely to be dishonest in pursuit of monetary rewards (53).”
From The impact of generative artificial intelligence on socioeconomic inequalities and policy making (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
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AI in operations management: Literature review and future research
Li, M., Li, Q., & Yao, Y. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28993-4.00101-3
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Backstrom, J. D., Eckel, C. C., Rholes, R., & Tangvatcharapong, M. (2025) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105024
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Bershadskyy, D., Dinges, L., Fiedler, M.-A., Greif, J., Al-Hamadi, A. K., Ostermaier, N., & Weimann, J. (2026) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107547
Gan, T., Yang, K., & Wang, W. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3250-3_24
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Wellsjo, A., Gertler, P., Kwan, A. T., Remera, E., Irakiza, P. M., Condo, J. U., & Humuza, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5426702
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Campigotto, N., Catola, M., D’Alessandro, S., Guarnieri, P., & Spadoni, L. (2025) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108881
Human vs. algorithmic auditors: the impact of entity type and ambiguity on human dishonesty
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Zhu, Y., Liang, J., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-06-2024-0314 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Nieken, P., & Reuscher, T. F. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329060
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- Authors
- Cohn, A., Gesche, T., & Maréchal, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Management Science
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 827-845
- ISSN
- 0025-1909 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-5501
- OpenAlex
- W3213718760
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 6.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Management Science (publishedVersion)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- honesty, cheating, information asymmetry, digital communication, social image concerns, self-selection, dishonest behavior, financial gain
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