The Effects of the World Trade Center Event on Birth Outcomes among Term Deliveries at Three Lower Manhattan Hospitals
Open accessAbstract
The effects of prenatal exposure to pollutants from the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on fetal growth and subsequent health and development of exposed children remain a source of concern. We assessed the impact of gestational timing of the disaster and distance from the WTC in the 4 weeks after 11 September on the birth outcomes of 300 nonsmoking women who were pregnant at the time of the event. They were recruited at delivery between December 2001 and June 2002 from three hospitals close to the WTC site. Residential and work addresses of all participants for each of the 4 weeks after 11 September 2001 were geocoded for classification by place and timing of exposure. Average daily hours spent at each location were based on the women’s reports for each week. Biomedical pregnancy and delivery data extracted from the medical records of each mother and newborn included medical complications, type of delivery, length of gestation, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference. Term infants born to women who were pregnant on 11 September 2001 and who were living within a 2-mile radius of the WTC during the month after the event showed significant decrements in term birth weight (−149 g) and birth length (−0.82 cm), compared with infants born to the other pregnant women studied, after controlling for sociodemographic and biomedical risk factors. The decrements remained significant with adjustment for gestational duration (−122 g and −0.74 cm, respectively). Women in the first trimester of pregnancy at the time of the WTC event delivered infants with significantly shorter gestation (−3.6 days) and a smaller head circumference (−0.48 cm), compared with women at later stages of pregnancy, regardless of the distance of their residence or work sites from the WTC. The observed adverse effects suggest an impact of pollutants and/or stress related to the WTC disaster and have implications for the health and development of exposed children.
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Maternal psychological and physiological stress mechanisms are consistently implicated as significant risk factors for adverse birth outcomes.
“maternal psychological and physiological stress mechanisms are consistently implicated as significant risk factors (Hogue and Bremner 2005; Holzman et al. 1998; Lederman et al. 2004; Livingston et al. 2003;”
From Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting Education: Promoting Family Mindfulness During the Perinatal Period (2010) · cites this paper as Lederman et al. 2004
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- Authors
- Lederman, S. A., Rauh, V., Weiss, L., Stein, J. L., Hoepner, L. A., Becker, M., & Perera, F. P.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel (US)
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2004-09-08
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1772-1778
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC1253672
- OpenAlex
- W2030800082
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 22.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 4860 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SUNY Digital Repository Support (State University of New York System) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ES09089, R827027)
- New York Community Trust
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (5 P01 ES09600, 5 R01 ES08977, ES 09089, P01ES009600, R01ES008977, P30ES009089)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- World Trade Center disaster, September 11 attacks, birth outcomes, term birth weight, birth length, head circumference, gestational age, maternal stress, Lower Manhattan
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aircraft, Birth Weight, Body Height, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Geography, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, New York City, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Stress, Psychological, Urban Population, Cohort Studies, September 11 Terrorist Attacks
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