Updated Global Estimates of Respiratory Mortality in Adults ≥30Years of Age Attributable to Long-Term Ozone Exposure
Open accessAbstract
Background: Relative risk estimates for long-term ozone (O3) exposure and respiratory mortality from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (ACS CPS-II) cohort have been used to estimate global O3-attributable mortality in adults. Updated relative risk estimates are now available for the same cohort based on an expanded study population with longer follow-up. Objectives: We estimated the global burden and spatial distribution of respiratory mortality attributable to long-term O3 exposure in adults ≥30y of age using updated effect estimates from the ACS CPS-II cohort. Methods: We used GEOS-Chem simulations (2×2.5º grid resolution) to estimate annual O3 exposures, and estimated total respiratory deaths in 2010 that were attributable to long-term annual O3 exposure based on the updated relative risk estimates and minimum risk thresholds set at the minimum or fifth percentile of O3 exposure in the most recent CPS-II analysis. These estimates were compared with attributable mortality based on the earlier CPS-II analysis, using 6-mo average exposures and risk thresholds corresponding to the minimum or fifth percentile of O3 exposure in the earlier study population. Results: We estimated 1.04–1.23 million respiratory deaths in adults attributable to O3 exposures using the updated relative risk estimate and exposure parameters, compared with 0.40–0.55 million respiratory deaths attributable to O3 exposures based on the earlier CPS-II risk estimate and parameters. Increases in estimated attributable mortality were larger in northern India, southeast China, and Pakistan than in Europe, eastern United States, and northeast China. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the potential magnitude of health benefits of air quality policies targeting O3, health co-benefits of climate mitigation policies, and health implications of climate change-driven changes in O3 concentrations, are larger than previously thought. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1390
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Warm-season averages have often been used in epidemiological studies, assuming that the health risk associated with lower-level ozone in cold months is negligible.
“warm-season averages have often been used (14, 15), assuming that the health risk associated with lower-level ozone in cold months is negligible.”
From Ozone pollution: A Major health hazard worldwide (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Other ozone-associated mortality estimates include 316,000 respiratory deaths in China and ~23,500 in the European Union.
“Other ozone-associated mortality estimates include 316,000 respiratory deaths in China (15) and ~23,500 in the European Union8.”
From Ozone pollution: A Major health hazard worldwide (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
An estimated 23.0-40.3 million respiratory-related deaths were attributable to long-term O3 exposure in 2016.
“In addition, an estimated 23.0–40.3 million respiratory-related deaths were attributable to long-term O3 exposure in 2016 (15).”
From Ozone pollution: A Major health hazard worldwide (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
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“…the ln-HR for a 10-ppb increase in O 3 concentration (6mDM1h metric) from the two-pollutant model adjusted for PM 2 : 5 (HR = 1 : 040; 95% CI: 1.013, 1.067), which has been applied in several previous analyses (Anenberg et al. 2010; Fann et al. 2012; Silva et al. 2013, 2016a; West et al. 2013).”
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“…studies that have assessed long-term O 3 exposure and mortality estimated null or negative associations between O 3 exposure and respiratory mortality (Bentayeb et al. 2015; Carey et al. 2013), and no such cohort studies have been conducted outside North America and Europe (Atkinson et al. 2016).”
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“…was subsequently used to derive global estimates of O 3 -attributable mortality ranging from 0.15 to 0.49 million deaths per year (Anenberg et al. 2010; Fang et al. 2013b; GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators 2015; GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators 2016; Lim et al. 2012; Silva et al. 2013, 2016a).”
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“Furthermore, human health co-bene fi ts from climate mitigation policies (Anenberg et al. 2012; Shindell et al. 2012, 2016; West et al. 2013), and health burdens from climate-driven changes in O 3 concentrations (Fang et al. 2013a; Silva et al. 2016b; Zhu and Liao 2016) may also be greater than…”
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“…between long-term exposure to O 3 and respiratory e ff ects ” based on epidemiologic studies of respiratory mortality (Jerrett et al. 2009; Zanobetti and Schwartz 2011), respiratory morbidity (Jacquemin et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2008; Meng et al. 2010; Parker et al. 2009), and toxicological…”
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“For respiratory mortality, REVIHAAP (2013) identi-fi ed three cohort studies that linked long-term O 3 exposure and relevant outcomes, including respiratory mortality speci fi cally (Jerrett et al. 2009), COPD mortality (Zanobetti and Schwartz 2011), and cardiopulmonary mortality (Smith et al. 2009b).”
Air Pollution and Childhood Respiratory Allergies in the United States
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“The U.S. EPA (2013) concluded that there was “ likely to be a causal relationship between long-term exposure to O 3 and respiratory e ff ects ” based on epidemiologic studies of respiratory mortality (Jerrett et al. 2009; Zanobetti and Schwartz 2011), respiratory morbidity (Jacquemin et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2008; Meng…”
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“…respiratory e ff ects ” based on epidemiologic studies of respiratory mortality (Jerrett et al. 2009; Zanobetti and Schwartz 2011), respiratory morbidity (Jacquemin et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2008; Meng et al. 2010; Parker et al. 2009), and toxicological evidence of biologically plausible mechanisms…”
A multi-scale health impact assessment of air pollution over the 21st century
Likhvar, V., Pascal, M., Markakis, K., Colette, A., Hauglustaine, D. A., Valari, M., Klimont, Z., Médina, S., & Kinney, P. L. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.002 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…: 5 exposure has been estimated at global (Anenberg et al. 2010; Fang et al. 2013b; GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators 2015; Lelieveld et al. 2015; Likhvar et al. 2015; Silva et al. 2013), regional (Crippa et al. 2016), and national scales (Caiazzo et al. 2013; Fann et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2015),…”
Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Count Grid
Center For International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia University, United Nations Food And Agriculture Programme-FAO, & Tropical-CIAT, C. I. D. A. (2014) · Earth Observing System Data and Information System · doi:10.7927/h4639mpp · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Improved simulation of tropospheric ozone by a global-multi-regional two-way coupling model system
Yan, Y., Lin, J., Chen, J., & Hu, L. (2016) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-16-2381-2016 · Cited by 58 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This bias was identi fi ed by Yan et al. (2016) to be partly due to small scale nonlinear chemical processes that are not captured at the grid resolution of the GEOS-Chem model used here.”
Tong, D., Yu, S., & Kan, H. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zhu, J., & Liao, H. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2015jd023926 · Cited by 46 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…where some of the highest health burdens were estimated, a positive bias was calculated in comparison with available measurements, for example, Zhu and Liao (2016): mean bias of + 11 : 6 % based on monitoring data from 10 Chinese sites (i.e., GEOS-Chem modeled O 3 concentrations were on…”
Assessment of source contributions to seasonal vegetative exposure to ozone in the U.S.
Lapina, K., Henze, D. K., Milford, J. B., Huang, M., Lin, M., Fiore, A. M., Carmichael, G. R., Pfister, G. G., & Bowman, K. W. (2013) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2013jd020905 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The model also considers additional emissions, described in further detail by Lapina et al. (2014), which include biogenic VOCs, soil NO x , lightning NO x , and monthly biomass burning emissions.”
Kim, Y., Zhou, Y., Gao, Y., Fu, J. S., Johnson, B. A., Huang, C., & Liu, Y. (2014) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1290-1 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…et al. 2015; Likhvar et al. 2015; Silva et al. 2013), regional (Crippa et al. 2016), and national scales (Caiazzo et al. 2013; Fann et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2015), and many studies have used relative risk estimates derived from the ACS CPS-II cohort (Jerrett et al. 2009) to estimate mortality…”
Weight-of-evidence evaluation of long-term ozone exposure and cardiovascular effects
Prueitt, R. L., Lynch, H. N., Zu, K., Sax, S. N., Venditti, F. J., & Goodman, J. E. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.937855 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Schwartz, J. D. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201512-2533ed · Cited by 16 · cited 5× · see citing works
“For each country, the total number of deaths for each disease category (respiratory and COPD) for the population ≥ 30 y of age in 2010 were from the GBD 2015 estimates derived by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators 2016).”
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The Imperative for Climate Action to Protect Health
Haines, A., & Ebi, K. L. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1807873 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
A two-pollutant strategy for improving ozone and particulate air quality in China
Li, K., Jacob, D. J., Liao, H., Zhu, J., Shah, V. P., Shen, L., Bates, K. H., Zhang, Q., & Zhai, S. (2019) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0464-x · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Ozone pollution: A Major health hazard worldwide
Zhang, J. (., Wei, Y., & Fang, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02518 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Rapid Increases in Warm-Season Surface Ozone and Resulting Health Impact in China Since 2013
Lu, X. H., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Gao, M. C., Li, K., Zhang, Y., Yue, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00171 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Fleming, Z. L., Doherty, R. M., von Schneidemesser, E., Malley, C. S., Cooper, O. R., Pinto, J. P., Colette, A., Xu, X., Simpson, D. M., Schultz, M. G., et al. (2018) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.273 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health
Landrigan, P. J., Raps, H., Cropper, M., Bald, C., Brunner, M., Canonizado, E. M., Charles, D., Chiles, T. C., Donohue, M. J., Enck, J., et al. (2023) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.5334/aogh.4056 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Lu, X., Zhang, S., Xing, J., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Ding, D., Wu, Y., Wang, S., Duan, L., & Hao, J. (2020) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.014 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Comparison of health and economic impacts of PM2.5 and ozone pollution in China
Xie, Y., Dai, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Hanaoka, T., & Masui, T. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.075 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Anenberg, S. C., Henze, D. K., Tinney, V., Kinney, P. L., Raich, W., Fann, N., Malley, C. S., Roman, H., Lamsal, L., Duncan, B., et al. (2018) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp3766 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
“For ground-level ozone, which is not easily detected using satellites (Martin 2008), we used gridded multimodel mean concentrations for the year 2010 simulated by an ensemble of five chemical transport models organized for Phase 2 of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transboundary Air Pollution (TF…”
MethodSelf-citationBeyond CO2 equivalence: The impacts of methane on climate, ecosystems, and health
Mar, K. A., Unger, C., Walderdorff, L., & Butler, T. M. (2022) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.03.027 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Historical and future changes in air pollutants from CMIP6 models
Turnock, S. T., Allen, R. J., Andrews, M. B., Bauer, S. E., Deushi, M., Emmons, L. K., Good, P., Horowitz, L. W., John, J. G., Michou, M., et al. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-14547-2020 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Forecasting air quality time series using deep learning
Freeman, B. S., Taylor, G. W., Gharabaghi, B., & Thé, J. V. G. (2018) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10962247.2018.1459956 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“More than 21,000 premature deaths in Europe are attributed annually to O 3 exposure (Amann et al. 2008), with more than 1.1 million deaths worldwide — more than 20% of all deaths attributed to respiratory diseases (Malley et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialTropospheric ozone in CMIP6 simulations
Griffiths, P. T., Murray, L. T., Zeng, G., Shin, Y. M., Abraham, N. L., Archibald, A. T., Deushi, M., Emmons, L. K., Galbally, I. E., Hassler, B., et al. (2021) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-4187-2021 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Wang, W., Parrish, D. D., Wang, S., Bao, F., Ni, R., Li, X., Yang, S., Wang, H., Cheng, Y., & Su, H. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-8935-2022 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Long-Term Exposure to Ozone and Cause-Specific Mortality Risk in the United States
Lim, C. C., Hayes, R. B., Ahn, J., Shao, Y., Silverman, D. T., Jones, R. R., Garcia, C., Bell, M. L., & Thurston, G. D. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201806-1161oc · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“” Recent estimates of the global burden of disease of ozone did not include cardiovascular diseases in their analyses (13, 14).”
BackgroundMaji, K. J., Ye, W., Arora, M., & Nagendra, S. M. S. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.049 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Should we see urban trees as effective solutions to reduce increasing ozone levels in cities?
Sicard, P., Agathokleous, E., Araminienė, V., Carrari, E., Hoshika, Y., Marco, A. D., & Paoletti, E. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.049 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Mousavinezhad, S., Choi, Y., Pouyaei, A., Ghahremanloo, M., & Nelson, D. L. (2021) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105599 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Chen, L., Zhu, J., Liao, H., Yang, Y., & Yue, X. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140837 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Global environmental change and noncommunicable disease risks
Frumkin, H., & Haines, A. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043706 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Ozone weekend effect in cities: Deep insights for urban air pollution control
Sicard, P., Paoletti, E., Agathokleous, E., Araminienė, V., Proietti, C., Coulibaly, F., & Marco, A. D. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110193 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Mortality Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: A Review of Global Estimates
Pozzer, A., Anenberg, S. C., Dey, S., Haines, A., Lelieveld, J., & Chowdhury, S. (2022) · GeoHealth · doi:10.1029/2022gh000711 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Hiatt, R. A., & Beyeler, N. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30448-4 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Dingenen, R. V., Dentener, F. J., Crippa, M., Leitão, J., Marmer, E., Rao, S., Solazzo, E., & Valentini, L. (2018) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-18-16173-2018 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Health impacts of long-term ozone exposure in China over 2013–2017
Wang, Y., Wild, O., Chen, X., Wu, Q., Gao, M. C., Chen, H., Qi, Y., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106030 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Sicard, P., Khaniabadi, Y. O., Pérez, S., Gualtieri, M., & Marco, A. D. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06445-8 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“86 million O3-attributable COPD deaths (Malley et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialA synergistic ozone-climate control to address emerging ozone pollution challenges
Lyu, X., Li, K., Guo, H., Morawska, L., Zhou, B., Zeren, Y., Jiang, F., Chen, C., Goldstein, A. H., Xu, X., et al. (2023) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.07.004 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Impacts of O3 on premature mortality and crop yield loss across China
Lin, Y., Jiang, F., Zhao, J. C., Zhu, G., He, X., Ma, X., Li, S., Sabel, C. E., & Wang, H. (2018) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.024 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Zaini, N., Ean, L. W., Ahmed, A. N., & Malek, M. B. A. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17442-1 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Santamouris, M., & Osmond, P. (2020) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings10120233 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“2 million premature respiratory deaths, equivalent to 20% of total respiratory deaths [17].”
BackgroundGlobal changes in the diurnal cycle of surface ozone
Strode, S. A., Ziemke, J. R., Oman, L. D., Lamsal, L. N., Olsen, M. A., & Liu, J. (2018) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.028 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“The calculation of mortality due to ozone exposure is sensitive to the choice of risk estimate (Malley et al., 2017).”
BackgroundShaffer, R., Sellers, S. P., Baker, M. G., Kalman, R. D. B., Frostad, J., Suter, M. K., Anenberg, S., Balbus, J., Basu, N., Bellinger, D., et al. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp5496 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Ozone, a gas produced in photochemical atmospheric reactions of precursor emissions, is independently (from PM 2 : 5 ) associated with respiratory disease (Malley et al. 2017; Turner et al. 2016).”
Co-benefits of carbon and pollution control policies on air quality and health till 2030 in China
Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Cao, J., & Nielsen, C. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106482 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Houdou, A., Badisy, I. E., Khomsi, K., Abdala, S. A., Abdulla, F. A., Najmi, H., Obtel, M., Belyamani, L., Ibrahimi, A., & Khalis, M. (2023) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.230151 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Ozone concentrations have been linked to respiratory disease, asthma, cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and other health problems (Li et al. , 2021; Malig et al. , 2016; Malley et al. , 2017).”
Policy-driven changes in the health risk of PM2.5 and O3 exposure in China during 2013–2018
Wang, F., Qiu, X., Cao, J., Peng, L., Zhang, N., Yan, Y., & Li, R. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143775 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Substantially underestimated global health risks of current ozone pollution
Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Yuan, Q., Li, T., Zhou, Y., Zong, L., Wang, M., Xie, Z., Ho, H. C., Gao, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55450-0 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“The O ₃ -attributable mortality burden from respiratory diseases might be overestimated in these two globe-scale reports 17,18 .”
InfluentialMalashock, D., DeLang, M. N., Becker, J. S., Serre, M. L., West, J. J., Chang, K., Cooper, O. R., & Anenberg, S. C. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac66f3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Several studies including the GBD 2019 study observed greater air pollution concentrations and mortality occurring in India and China [3, 24, 27].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCrippa, M., Solazzo, E., Guizzardi, D., Dingenen, R. V., & Leip, A. (2022) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00615-7 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., West, J. J., Mathur, R., Xing, J., Hogrefe, C., Roselle, S. J., Bash, J. O., Pleim, J., Gan, C., & Wong, D. C. (2018) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-18-15003-2018 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“16) associated with the annual average of MDA8 O3, and using these results would likely lead to a larger O3 mortality burden (Malley et al., 2017).”
BackgroundShen, H., Liu, Y., Zhao, M., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Jiang, Y., Chen, T., Chen, M., Huang, X., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144031 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Maji, K. J., & Namdeo, A. K. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116183 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ivatt, P. D., & Evans, M. J. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-8063-2020 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Liang, C.-K., West, J. J., Silva, R. A., Bian, H., Chin, M., Davila, Y., Dentener, F. J., Emmons, L. K., Flemming, J., Folberth, G., et al. (2018) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-18-10497-2018 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Borge, R., Réquia, W. J., Yagüe, C., Jhun, I., & Koutrakis, P. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105272 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“In our analysis, we assess the impact on mortality of the pollutants most relevant to public health, namely particulate matter (Pope and Dockery, 2006; Kim et al., 2015; Burnett et al., 2018), O3 (Malley et al., 2017; Díaz et al., 2018) and NO2 (Samoli et al., 2006; Mills et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodGuan, Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, N., & Chu, C. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117623 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Progress of ship exhaust gas control technology
Zhao, J., Wei, Q., Wang, S., & Ren, X. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149437 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chen, K., Fiore, A. M., Chen, R., Jiang, L., Jones, B., Schneider, A. E., Peters, A., Bi, J., Kan, H., & Kinney, P. L. (2018) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002598 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Avoiding high ozone pollution in Delhi, India
Chen, Y., Beig, G., Archer‐Nicholls, S., Drysdale, W. S., Acton, W. J. F., Lowe, D., Nelson, B. S., Lee, J. D., Ran, L., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Faraday Discussions · doi:10.1039/d0fd00079e · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Sun, Z., Yu, P., Lan, C., Wan, M. W. L., Hickman, S. H. M., Murulitharan, J., Shen, H., Yuan, L., Guo, Y., & Archibald, A. T. (2022) · The Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100246 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ghosh, A., Kumar, S., & Das, J. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117708 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Methane removal and the proportional reductions in surface temperature and ozone
Abernethy, S., O’Connor, F. M., JONES, C. D., & Jackson, R. B. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2021.0104 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sun, Z., Shin, Y. M., Xia, M., Ke, S., Wan, M. W. L., Yuan, L., Guo, Y., & Archibald, A. T. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04797 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The role of future anthropogenic methane emissions in air quality and climate
Staniaszek, Z., Griffiths, P. T., Folberth, G., O’Connor, F. M., Abraham, N. L., & Archibald, A. T. (2022) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00247-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“We calculated the mortality association with long-term ozone exposure according to the method in Malley et al.30.”
MethodInfluentialInfluences of oceanic ozone deposition on tropospheric photochemistry
Pound, R. J., Sherwen, T., Helmig, D., Carpenter, L. J., & Evans, M. J. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-4227-2020 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The impact of future emission policies on tropospheric ozone using a parameterised approach
Turnock, S. T., Wild, O., Dentener, F. J., Davila, Y., Emmons, L. K., Flemming, J., Folberth, G., Henze, D. K., Jonson, J. E., Keating, T. J., et al. (2018) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-18-8953-2018 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Air quality co-benefits from climate mitigation for human health in South Korea.
Kim, S., Xie, Y., Dai, H.-C., Fujimori, S., Hijioka, Y., Honda, Y., Hashizume, M., Masui, T., Hasegawa, T., Xu, X., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105507 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
ENSO modulation of summertime tropospheric ozone over China
Yang, Y., Li, M., Wang, H., Li, H., Wang, P., Li, K., Gao, M. C., & Liao, H. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac54cd · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“High O3 concentration harms human health (Jerrett et al 2009, Malley et al 2017) and reduces crop yields (Yue et al 2017, Mills et al 2018).”
BackgroundWilson, S. R., Madronich, S., Longstreth, J. D., & Solomon, K. R. (2019) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c8pp90064g · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Liang, S., Li, X., Teng, Y., Fu, H., Chen, L., Mao, J., Zhang, H., Gao, S., Sun, Y., Ma, Z., et al. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113267 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
de Foy, B., Brune, W. H., & Schauer, J. J. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114380 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Heaps, C. G., Ahmed, T., Vallack, H. W., Hicks, W. K., ASHMORE, M. R., Malley, C. S., Wang, G., Lefèvre, E. N., Anenberg, S. C., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106155 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…premature deaths attributable to air pollution exposure may also be underestimated in this study because exposure to other pollutants (e.g. ozone, (Malley et al., 2017a) was not taken into account, or non-fatal health outcomes associated with air pollution exposure (Anenberg et al., 2018; Malley…”
BackgroundChowdhury, S., Pozzer, A., Dey, S., Klingmueller, K., & Lelieveld, J. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab8334 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Camilleri, S. F., Doherty, R. M., Heaviside, C., Vardoulakis, S., Macintyre, H. L., & O’Connor, F. M. (2018) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-18-5765-2018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cromar, K. R., Gladson, L. A., & Ewart, G. W. (2019) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201812-914oc · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Recent multivariate changes in the North Atlantic climate system, with a focus on 2005–2016
Robson, J. I., Sutton, R. T., Archibald, A. T., Cooper, F., Christensen, M. W., Gray, L. J., Holliday, N. P., MacIntosh, C. R., McMillan, M., Moat, B. I., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.5815 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Tropospheric ozone can also affect human health and agricultural yields (Kampa and Castanas, 2008), and was recently suggested to cause 1.2 million premature deaths per year (Malley et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, H., Yang, Y., Jin, J., Wang, H., Li, K., Wang, P., & Liao, H. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-1131-2023 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Guan, Y., Xiao, Y., Rong, B., Zhang, N., & Chu, C. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128970 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hu, W., & Yang, J. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171739 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Fang, J., Yao, Y., Yang, Z., Wu, J., Ma, Z., Liu, R., Yu, Z., Ding, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134158 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Short-term effect of tropospheric ozone on daily mortality in Spain
Díaz, J., Ortíz, C., Falcón, I., Salvador, C., & Linares, C. (2018) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.059 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Seltzer, K. M., Shindell, D. T., & Malley, C. S. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae29d · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“For this study, a log-linear exposure-response function (figure S8) was selected since it is most commonly applied in health impact assessments (e.g. Anenberg et al 2010, Silva et al 2013, Silva et al 2016, Malley et al 2017, Shindell et al 2018).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialYaeger, M. J., Reece, S. W., Kilburg-Basnyat, B. J., Hodge, M. X., Pal, A., Dunigan, K., Luo, B., You, D. J., Bonner, J. C., Spangenburg, E. E., et al. (2021) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfab081 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Yu, S., Chen, X., Li, Z., Li, M., Song, Z., Liu, W., Li, P., Zhang, X., Lichtfouse, E. A., et al. (2022) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-022-01421-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Orru, H., Åström, C., Andersson, C., Tamm, T., Ebi, K. L., & Forsberg, B. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab1cd9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“As shown in sensitivity analysis in earlier studies (Malley et al 2017), ozone health effects are highly sensitive to the threshold levels assumed: e.g. 10, 25, 27.7, 31.1, 33.3, 35, 41.9 ppb.”
BackgroundInfluentialImpacts of global NO x inversions on NO 2 and ozone simulations
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“Long-term ozone (O3) exposure is estimated to cause 1.04–1.23 million respiratory deaths in adults (Malley et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialSpatiotemporal variation of surface ozone and its causes in Beijing, China since 2014
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“Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an important atmospheric oxidant and greenhouse gas (Monks et al., 2015) and is estimated to be responsible for over one million respiratory deaths annually (Malley et al., 2017).”
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“O3 is a strong oxidant and air pollutant damaging human health (Brunekreef and Holgate, 2002; Jerrett et al., 2009; Malley et al., 2017; Turner et al., 2016), ecosystems and agricultural crops (Fowler et al., 2009; Maas and Grennfelt, 2016; Mills et al., 2011; Pleijel et al., 2018), whilst also…”
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“‘Though only a fraction of 1% of China’s total population, this number of avoided premature deaths is a significant fraction (onequarter to one-third) of the estimated total number of annual premature deaths attributed to ozone in present-day worldwide (1.04–1.23 million) in Malley et al (2017).”
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Opinion: Coordinated development of emission inventories for climate forcers and air pollutants
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300 years of tropospheric ozone changes using CMIP6 scenarios with a parameterised approach
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“At the Earth’s surface elevated concentrations of O3 are ンヵ harmful to human health (Jerrett et al., 2009; Malley et al., 2017; Turner et al., 2016) and can ンヶ affect ecosystems (Fowler et al., 2009).”
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“O 3 exposure exerts oxidative stress on the respiratory tract (Nuvolone et al 2018), which also leads to increased risk of cardiopulmonary diseases, and therefore another 1.04– 1.24 millions of respiratory deaths in 2010 globally (Malley et al 2017).”
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- Authors
- Malley, C. S., Henze, D. K., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vallack, H. W., Davila, Y., Anenberg, S. C., Turner, M. C., & Ashmore, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm Environment Institute (GB)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Environmental Health Analytics, LLC., Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Malley, Christopher S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-08-16
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 087021-087021
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC5880233
- OpenAlex
- W2752961258
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 12.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX16AQ26G)
- Stockholm Environment Institute
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Keywords
- ozone exposure, respiratory mortality, attributable mortality, long-term air pollution, GEOS-Chem, spatial distribution of mortality, air quality policy, health co-benefits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Air Pollutants, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Middle Aged, Ozone, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Risk, Global Health
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