Cited by 1,516Photorefractive and Nonlinear OpticsPhotonic and Optical DevicesAcoustic Wave Resonator Technologies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 525 of the 530 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 348 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

Open access

Zhu, Di, Shao, Linbo, Yu, Mengjie, Cheng, Rebecca, Desiatov, Boris, Xin, C. J., Hu, Yaowen, Holzgrafe, Jeffrey, Ghosh, Soumya, Shams-Ansari, Amirhassan, Puma, Eric, Sinclair, Neil, Reimer, Christian, Zhang, Mian, Lončar, Marko·2021·Advances in Optics and Photonics

DOI 10.1364/aop.411024

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Abstract

Lithium niobate (LN), an outstanding and versatile material, has influenced our daily life for decades—from enabling high-speed optical communications that form the backbone of the Internet to realizing radio-frequency filtering used in our cell phones. This half-century-old material is currently embracing a revolution in thin-film LN integrated photonics. The successes of manufacturing wafer-scale, high-quality thin films of LN-on-insulator (LNOI) and breakthroughs in nanofabrication techniques have made high-performance integrated nanophotonic components possible. With rapid development in the past few years, some of these thin-film LN devices, such as optical modulators and nonlinear wavelength converters, have already outperformed their legacy counterparts realized in bulk LN crystals. Furthermore, the nanophotonic integration has enabled ultra-low-loss resonators in LN, which has unlocked many novel applications such as optical frequency combs and quantum transducers. In this review, we cover—from basic principles to the state of the art—the diverse aspects of integrated thin-film LN photonics, including the materials, basic passive components, and various active devices based on electro-optics, all-optical nonlinearities, and acousto-optics. We also identify challenges that this platform is currently facing and point out future opportunities. The field of integrated LNOI photonics is advancing rapidly and poised to make critical impacts on a broad range of applications in communication, signal processing, and quantum information.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review surveys integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (LNOI), covering material properties, passive components, electro-optic, nonlinear, and piezo-optomechanical devices, and heterogeneous integration. It argues that LNOI has enabled record-performance modulators, nonlinear converters, and comb sources, while identifying challenges such as photorefraction, charge-carrier effects, and wafer-scale foundry compatibility.

Key findings

LNOI waveguides and resonators have improved dramatically: propagation loss fell from >6 dB/cm in 2007 to 0.027 dB/cm in 2017, intrinsic Q-factors reach ~10^7, and fiber-to-chip coupling as low as 0.54/0.59 dB per facet for TE/TM has been shown with a SiON cladding waveguide.
Electro-optic modulators on LNOI achieve VπL of 2.1–2.5 V-cm in monolithic MZMs, >100 GHz bandwidth at CMOS-compatible voltages, and coherent data rates up to 320 Gbit/s; hybrid LN/SOI modulators exceed 100 GHz 3-dB EO bandwidth.
Nonlinear devices include PPLN ridge SHG with 4600%/W·cm² normalized efficiency in a 300 μm waveguide, PPLN microring SHG at 5,000%/mW, SPDC with coincidence-to-accidental ratio 668 ± 7 at 12 MHz in a 5 mm PPLN waveguide, Kerr combs spanning 700 nm, soliton microcombs >200 nm at 1.5 μm and >300 nm at 2 μm, and supercontinuum spanning 0.35–4.1 µm with 240 pJ pulse energy.
Piezo-optomechanics and quantum transduction show microwave-to-optical conversion efficiency of 2×10^-5, later 1% on-chip, and piezo-optomechanical single-microwave-photon-to-optical-photon conversion efficiency of 5%; integrated acousto-optic frequency shifters are 10–100× more efficient than earlier AlN devices but still only a few percent efficient.

Methods

This is a review article, not a primary experimental study; it synthesizes material properties, passive optics, electro-optics, all-optical nonlinearity, piezo-optomechanics, heterogeneous integration, and challenges/opportunities.
The main analysis is a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of reported literature, organized with comparison tables for material properties, cavity Q-factors, EO modulators, and SHG performance.

Limitations

The paper states key challenges: charge-carrier effects (photorefraction, photoconductivity, dielectric relaxation) cause bias/detuning drift in LNOI and are stronger than in bulk; strong Raman gain competes with Kerr comb/soliton formation; fiber-to-chip coupling and packaging remain difficult; LN is not CMOS-compatible due to lithium contamination; and wafer-scale foundry access is limited.
Evident from the text: as a review, it does not describe a systematic search protocol or meta-analysis, and it notes that performance comparisons across literature are complicated by different lasers, detectors, amplifiers, and measurement conditions (e.g., for SFDR comparisons).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1364/aop.411024

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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In the paper
“We compare the TE mode GVD for thin-film LN waveguides with different widths (b), etch depths (b), and initial film thicknesses (d) against LN's intrinsic material dispersion (a).”
- Also stated in: § 8. Conclusion · plain
  “We evaluate the effect of different geometric parameters, including waveguide width, etch depth, initial LN film thickness, and the etch angle on the dispersion curve.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
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In the paper
“We note that there exist discrepancies of Raman oscillation strength among the work in thinfilm LN devices [27,174,175].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] He, 2019, Optica source
- Not checked yetcites [174]
- Not checked yetcites [175] Holzgrafe, 2020, Optica source
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In the paper
“The development and refinement of the "Smart Cut" technology [53], commonly used to generate SOI wafers, has emerged as a the standard technique for producing high-quality LN thin films [35,54].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.2. Thin-film lithium niobate
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Bruel, 1995, Electron. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Poberaj, 2012, Laser Photon. Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Levy, 2004, Single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing source
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In the paper
“some of these thin-film LN devices, such as optical modulators and nonlinear wavelength converters, have already outperformed their legacy counterparts realized in bulk LN crystals.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21][22][23][24][25]
- Not checked yetcites [29][30][31]
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In the paper
“With breakthroughs in fabrication techniques, ultra-low-loss, high index-contrast, nanophotonic LN waveguides have been realized [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
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Show all 209 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 183
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In the paper
“The CMP process yields waveguides with sub-nanometer surface roughness and propagation losses as low as 0.027 dB/cm [12].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.3.2. Monolithic ridge/rib waveguides on thin-film LN
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Wu, 2018, Nanomaterials (Basel) source
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In the paper
“It is important to note that most LNOI fabrication is performed using congruent rather than stoichiometric LN, meaning that the crystals are lithium deficient [44].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.2. Thin-film lithium niobate
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44]
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In the paper
“However, while both BCB and direct bonding techniques have succeeded in producing single-crystalline LNOI, the direct bonding method is preferred for many applications, as the higher annealing temperatures allowed by the process are necessary for recovering nonlinear and electro-optic properties of the ion-sliced material [35].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.2. Thin-film lithium niobate
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Poberaj, 2012, Laser Photon. Rev. source
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In the paper
“Currently, pure physical etching with Ar + plasma (or Ar + milling) [83] is among the most popular dry etching approaches for LNOI.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.3.2. Monolithic ridge/rib waveguides on thin-film LN
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Chen, 2009, J. Appl. Phys. source
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In the paper
“Fluorine-based reactive-ion etching (RIE) can remove LN effectively by forming volatile, fluorinated niobium (Nb) species [77].However, it forms lithium fluoride (LiF), which is non-volatile, and result in severe redeposition problems [78].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.3.2. Monolithic ridge/rib waveguides on thin-film LN
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Hu, 2006, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Nagata, 1998, J. Cryst. Growth source
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In the paper
“However, these approaches failed to produce highly crystalline materials, and lattice matching requirements severely limit the substrate options for epitaxial growth [35].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.2. Thin-film lithium niobate
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Poberaj, 2012, Laser Photon. Rev. source
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In the paper
“On the other hand, bonded LNOI has the unique advantage that it allows buried metal layers, which can serve as an efficient optical reflector to minimize downward coupling and improve coupling efficiency [129,130].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.3.4. Fiber-to-chip coupling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Chen, 2017, Opt. Mater. source
- Not checked yetcites [130] Kar, 2019, Opt. Express source
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In the paper
“Integrated EO modulators in bulk LN have been studied extensively for decades [192][193][194].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.2. Non-resonant electro-optic modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] Janner, 2009, Laser Photon. Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [193] Ren, 2019, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [194] Wright, 2017, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
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In the paper
“It is worth noting that mechanically polished, millimeter-scale disk resonators made from pristine bulk LN crystals have shown Q-factors as high as 2×10 8 [93], an order of magnitude higher than what has been demonstrated in thin-film LN.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.4.1. Microdisk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Ilchenko, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
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In the paper
“When driven with a strong RF signal, phase modulators generate sidebands, and can be used for frequency comb generation [195] and frequency shifting [196,197].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.2.1. Common modulator configurations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [195] Izutsu, 1981, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. source
- Not checked yetcites [196] Jian, 2019, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [197] Xu, 2019, APL Photon. source
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In the paper
“There have been a number of reports on LNOI grating couplers [121,129-134], with a current record coupling efficiency as low as -3.5 dB per coupler [121] (see Figure 8(b)).”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.3.4. Fiber-to-chip coupling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Jian, 2018, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [129] Chen, 2017, Opt. Mater. source
- Not checked yetcites [130] Kar, 2019, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [131] Nisar, 2017, IEEE Photon. J. source
- Not checked yetcites [132] Baghban, 2017, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [133] Wang, 2020, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [134] Tiecke, 2015, Optica source
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In the paper
“In bulk LN waveguides, it has been used for single-sideband modulation and magnetic-free optical isolation by mimicking an EO-driven rotating waveplate [188].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.1. Basic formulation of electro-optic modulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [188] Fan, 2018, Sci. Adv. source
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In the paper
“With small mode volume and large local field intensity, photorefractive effects (discussed in Sec.7) are enhanced to the extreme, enabling photon-level tuning of cavity resonances [183].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.4.3. Photonic crystal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [183] Boyd, 2019
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In the paper
“In addition, combining two MZMs can realize an in-phase/quadrature (IQ) modulator (see Figure 10(c)) [16].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.2.1. Common modulator configurations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Xu, 2020, Nat. Commun. source
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In the paper
“Furthermore, resonators have enabled low-voltage EO modulators [55,85,171], broadband EO frequency comb generation [26], ultra-efficient parametric wavelength conversions [30,31,94,168,169,172,173], and Kerr comb generation [27,28,174,175].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 2.4.2. Microring and racetrack
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Guarino, 2007, Nat. Photonics source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Wang, 2018, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [171] Gong, 2019, Opt. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Zhang, 2019, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Chen, 2019, Optica source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Lu, 2019, Optica source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Wolf, 2017, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [168] Wolf, 2018, Optica source
- Not checked yetcites [169] Chen, 2018, OSA Continuum source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Yu, 2020, Light Sci Appl source
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In the paper
“Besides MZM, Michelson interferometer modulator (MIM) has also been studied [198,199], as illustrated in Figure 10(d).”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.2.1. Common modulator configurations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [198] Rao, 2018, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. source
- Not checked yetcites [199] Honardoost, 2018, J. Lightwave Technol. source
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In the paper
“The concept of creating a photonic two-level system was first demonstrated in 1998 [257].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.5. Coupled-resonator-based modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [257] Rueda, 2016, Optica source
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In the paper
“Frequency combs are powerful tools for precision spectroscopy [249].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Frequency combs are powerful tools for precision spectroscopy [249]. Dual-comb spectroscopy [250] is an emerging technique based on Fourier transform spectroscopy [251] with no moving parts.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] Griffiths, 2007 source
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In the paper
“For example, a typical few-micron-gap CPW electrode has a capacitance on the order of 100 pF/m, resulting in a RC-limited, 3-dB EO bandwidth of about 15 GHz in a 2 mm-long modulator [85].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Half-wave voltage (𝑽𝑽 𝝅𝝅 ).
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Wang, 2018, Opt. Express source
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In the paper
“In resonant EO-combs, a flat dispersion is desirable; otherwise, the mismatch between the microwave frequency and the cavity FSR introduces a spectral cut-off to the comb spectrum, which can be numerically modelled [248].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.4.2. Resonant electro-optic comb
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248]
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In the paper
“Thermal-optic phase shifters can be used for DC control as well.They more stable and compact [16], but at the expense of static power dissipation.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Half-wave voltage (𝑽𝑽 𝝅𝝅 ).
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Xu, 2020, Nat. Commun. source
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In the paper
“A residual (difference between the measured spectrum and the HITRAN database [253]) of 10% and a standard deviation of 3.4% was reported.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Frequency combs are powerful tools for precision spectroscopy [249]. Dual-comb spectroscopy [250] is an emerging technique based on Fourier transform spectroscopy [251] with no moving parts.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Dutt, 2018, Sci. Adv. source
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In the paper
“Dual-comb spectroscopy [250] is an emerging technique based on Fourier transform spectroscopy [251] with no moving parts.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Frequency combs are powerful tools for precision spectroscopy [249]. Dual-comb spectroscopy [250] is an emerging technique based on Fourier transform spectroscopy [251] with no moving parts.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Yan, 2017, Light Sci. Appl. source
- Not checked yetcites [251] Kochanov, 2019, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer source
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In the paper
“Measurements of DC/low-frequency 𝑉𝑉 𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿 in monolithic (dry-etched) LNOI MZMs (at telecom wavelength) typically range from 2.1 to 2.5 V-cm [16,21,22], and can reach, for example, 1.8 V-cm with 3.5 μm electrode gap [85].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Half-wave voltage (𝑽𝑽 𝝅𝝅 ).
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Xu, 2020, Nat. Commun. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Wang, 2018, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [22] He, 2019, Nat. Photonics source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Wang, 2018, Opt. Express source
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In the paper
“An acetylene gas-cell at atmospheric pressure was interrogated in this dual-comb setup, and its transmittance and dispersion were measured.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Frequency combs are powerful tools for precision spectroscopy [249]. Dual-comb spectroscopy [250] is an emerging technique based on Fourier transform spectroscopy [251] with no moving parts.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Yan, 2017, Light Sci. Appl. source
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In the paper
“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.6. Cavity electro-optics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] Kjaergaard, 2020, Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. source
- Not checked yetcites [190] Alferness, 1982, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. source
- Not checked yetcites [262] Witmer, 2020, Quantum Sci. Technol. source
- Not checked yetcites [265] Awschalom, 2021, PRX Quantum source
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In the paper
“This change of the waveguide width induces periodic modulation in both the effective index and nonlinear coefficient along the propagation direction, providing a momentum "kick" that compensates for the phase mismatch.The added grooves, however, causes Bloch scattering loss.In general, deeper grooves result in higher nonlinear conversion efficiency due to tighter confinement, but cause larger”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Periodically grooved quasi-phase matching.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Wang, 2017, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [321] Guo, 2016, Optica source
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In the paper
“As compared to the type-I SHG when the caxis is the symmetry axis, CPM can enable a much broader phase matching bandwidth (only certain discrete wavelengths would satisfy phase matching within this bandwidth) but at a sacrifice of conversion efficiency.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Cyclic phase matching.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [317] Fürst, 2016, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [318] Wang, 2017, Nat. Commun. source
- Not checked yetcites [319] Rao, 2017, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
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In the paper
“Such superconducting quantum devices have demonstrated rapid progress in recent years [266], which has encouraged interest in using them to create large-scale networks.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.6. Cavity electro-optics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266] Lauk, 2020, Quantum Sci. Technol. source
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In the paper
“The ultra-low-loss nanophotonic waveguides and high-Q resonators [11] offer the possibility of realizing long-lived photonic states, and the strong EO effect in conjunction with the highly confined optical modes enables efficient photonic transition.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.5. Coupled-resonator-based modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Zhang, 2017, Optica source
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In the paper
“Combining electro-optically active optical resonators with low-loss microwave cavities -an approach known as cavity electro-optics [259-261] -can enable strong interactions between microwave and optical fields and create nearly quantum-limited modulation performance.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.6. Cavity electro-optics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [259] Tsang, 2011, Phys. Rev. A source
- Not checked yetcites [260] Ilchenko, 2003, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B source
- Not checked yetcites [261] Soltani, 2017, Phys. Rev. A source
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In the paper
“Thin-film LN offers relatively low loss (Q-factor up to ~10 7 [11]) and smaller optical modes, which can allow for a stronger EO interaction.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.6. Cavity electro-optics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Zhang, 2017, Optica source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The first cavity EO devices were based on bulk lithium niobate whispering gallery mode resonators, like that shown in Figure 19(c) [261,262,265].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.6. Cavity electro-optics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] Soltani, 2017, Phys. Rev. A source
- Not checked yetcites [262] Witmer, 2020, Quantum Sci. Technol. source
- Not checked yetcites [265] Awschalom, 2021, PRX Quantum source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, extending the generalized critical coupling condition to multilevel system is also proposed [177], which can lead to cascaded frequency shifting beyond 100 GHz using only several tens of GHz microwave drive.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 3.5. Coupled-resonator-based modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [177] Jiang, 2020, Nat. Commun. source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another in-situ monitoring technique is to inject CW telecom light into a waveguide and monitor the second harmonic signal at the outcoupled light as poling proceeds.This has been used to optimize poling schedules by e.g.poling and depoling a waveguide multiple times until the second harmonic signal was saturated [310].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is a non-invasive domain imaging technique.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [310] Zhao, 2020, J. Appl. Phys. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“So far, the conversion efficiency remains low (current record of 0.078%/W [143]), since the fundamentals and harmonics (or sum-frequency) are not on resonance simultaneously.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Wang, 2018, Opt. Lett. source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Recently, 4/5 octave-spanning Kerr combs have been reported in a-Z-cut LN microresonator with a 335 GHz line spacing [340].It is achieved by engineering the waveguidering coupling to raise the Raman oscillation threshold [341] and utilizing a relatively large FSR.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.5. Kerr comb
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [340] Huang, 2014, Opt. Mater. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [341] Huang, 2013, Opt. Mater. Express source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The first SHG in LN photonic crystals was demonstrated in a free-standing L3 LN photonic crystals fabricated from bulk LN substrate [180].Subsequently, LNOI wafers were utilized to realize both 1D [181] and 2D photonic crystals [143] and to demonstrate SHG as well as SFG.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [180] Jiang, 2019, Optica source
- Not checked yetcites [181] Li, 2019, Optica source
- Not checked yetcites [143] Wang, 2018, Opt. Lett. source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In addition to demonstrations of classical 𝜒𝜒 (2) wavelength conversion processes, spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC), an exclusively quantum process in which a pair of photons is generated from a single pump photon, has also been demonstrated on the thin-film LN platform in microdisks [159], PPLN waveguides [32][33][34]325] and PPLN ring [326].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.3. Spontaneous parametric down conversion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Hao, 2017, Photon. Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [32][33][34]325]
- Not checked yetcites [326] Stegeman, 1996, Opt. Quantum Electron. source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2019, Chen et al. demonstrated a periodically poled racetrack resonator on X-cut MgO-doped LN thin films [30] (see Figure 28(a)).The poling is applied on one of the 300 μm straight waveguide sections.This configuration allows all waves to be in their fundamental quasi-TE modes and utilizes the largest nonlinear coefficient 𝑑𝑑 33 .Quasiphase-matched SHG with conversion efficiency of 230%/mW is”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Chen, 2019, Optica source
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In the paper
“Additionally, 𝜒𝜒 (2) frequency conversion has also been demonstrated in unpoled LN ridge waveguides with type-I modal phase matching [299].Such a configuration sacrifices conversion efficiency as it uses a smaller component of the 𝜒𝜒 (2) tensor, and has lower mode overlap 𝜁𝜁, but has a higher thermal tuning range than phase matching done in the type-0 polarization configuration.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.1. Traveling-wave processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [299] Gopalan, 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
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In the paper
“In addition, in high-Q (3×10 6 at 976 nm), large (200 μm diameter) and wide (7 μm) ring-shaped whispering gallery resonators, a mixture of nonlinear processes were observed, including SHG of the pump light, cascaded stimulated Raman scattering, SHG of the Raman signal, and SFG between the pump and Raman signal [94].Periodic poling was also applied to this Z-cut onchip whispering gallery resonators”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Wolf, 2017, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [169] Chen, 2018, OSA Continuum source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In X-cut LN microdisks, cyclic phase matching is commonly involved [153,159,164], where the fundamentals are quasi-TE modes and second harmonic is at a quasi-TM mode.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153] Fang, 2019, Opt. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [159] Hao, 2017, Photon. Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [164] Jiang, 2016, Sci. Rep. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An effective quasi-phase matching can also be achieved in X-cut microdisks when all waves are at quasi-TE modes, interacting through 𝑑𝑑 33 but with an oscillating sign.Under this scheme, SHG with an efficiency of 9.9%/mW and THG with an efficiency of 1.05%/mW 2 were measured [151].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Ye, 2020, Opt. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, effective third-order nonlinear phenomena have been observed as a result of cascaded 𝜒𝜒 (2) processes.For example, thirdharmonic generation has been demonstrated through cascaded SHG and SFG [150,151]; effective four-wave mixing (𝜒𝜒 (3) process) has been demonstrated as a result of cascaded SHG and DFG [161].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Lin, 2019, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [151] Ye, 2020, Opt. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Hao, 2020, Photon. Res. source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More recently, the same group further improved the Z-cut PPLN microring and realized a poling period of 2.95 μm [168].This allowed for QPM SHG with all waves in their fundamental quasi-TM modes to utilize 𝑑𝑑 33 .As a result, record high SHG efficiency of 5,000%/mW was achieved in the low-power regime, reaching a single-photon nonlinearity approaching 1%.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Wolf, 2018, Optica source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Entangled photon pairs generated via SPDC can also be used as sources of heralded single photons, though the spectral purity of the heralded photon has yet to be demonstrated on thin-film LN [34].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.3. Spontaneous parametric down conversion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Zhao, 2020, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, periodic poling has also been applied to Z-cut LN microdisks [162].With a bottom layer acting as a poling electrode, piezoresponse force microscopy was used to achieve a poling period of ~2 μm.Using the piezoresponse force microscopy method, the same group further demonstrated dual-period poling with unit domain size as small as 90 nm in width, and observed SHG, THG, and even FHG [163].H”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Zhang, 2020, Opt. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [163] Eichenfield, 2017 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The former two solutions have been used to achieve stable soliton combs in the TE mode of Z-cut LN [27,174].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.5. Kerr comb
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] He, 2019, Optica source
- Not checked yetcites [174]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Photons generated via SPDC in PPLN waveguides generally exhibit strong energy-time entanglement, which can be leveraged to produce entangled photon pairs in multiple wavelength channels to enable frequency domain multiplexing; this has been demonstrated in a submillimeter PPLN waveguide with signal-idler pairs generated over a coarse wavelength division multiplexing grid separated by more than 120”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.3. Spontaneous parametric down conversion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Elkus, 2019, Opt. Express source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With this approach, Luo et al. demonstrated telecom to visible SHG with a conversion efficiency of 1.5%/mW as well as DFG at telecom wavelengths [173].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.3.2. Resonant-enhanced processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Zhang, 2019, Nat. Photonics source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Raman effect is strongest when the light is polarized along the crystal's Z-axis [175] and competes with the four wave mixing process used to generate the comb teeth.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.5. Kerr comb
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] Holzgrafe, 2020, Optica source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While most published work selected the crystal orientation of LN thin film based on its commercial availability, the optimal device orientations might be difference for piezoelectric and optomechanical couplings, and thus piezo-optomechanical devices can have two parts with different orientations and then be connected using an acoustic waveguide [170].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.1. Piezoelectricity and photoelasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Luo, 2019, Phys. Rev. Appl. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The strongest Raman gain is found when the polarization of the pump is parallel to the crystal axis, where both the electro-optic (EO) and second order nonlinear effects are also the largest.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.6. Raman lasing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] Holzgrafe, 2020, Optica source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared to suspended thin-film LN, LNOI can handle larger RF powers.For example, through similar IDT structures, up to ~100 mW microwave power is delivered to the suspended LN thin films, while more than 1 W microwave power is delivered when thin-film LN is laying on the oxide layer [396].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.2.2 Surface acoustic wave on LNOI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [396] Cai, 2019, Low-loss waveguides in Y-cut thin film lithium niobate for acousto-optic applications source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dispersive wave generation is a phase-matched nonlinear process where energy from the pump is transferred across a zero-GVD point, and is commonly used to extend the overall generated spectral bandwidth [383][384][385].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.7. Supercontinuum generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [383][384][385]
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As the pulse propagates in the waveguide, the second harmonic and third harmonic components were immediately generated.The main pulse undergoes spectral broadening through self-phase modulation.For z > 4 cm, a dispersive wave component is generated near 860 nm which continues to blue shift due to phase matching and approaches the second harmonic component.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.7. Supercontinuum generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [296] Luo, 2019, Laser Photon. Rev. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Point defects in SiC have also been explored for acoustic wave-spin interactions [391].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5. Piezo-optomechanics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [391]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“TeO 2 is widely used in bulk acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) for its excellent properties for acousto-optics, but nanofabrication of TeO 2 is challenging and needs further development [387,388].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5. Piezo-optomechanics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [387] Whiteley, 2019, Nat. Phys. source
- Not checked yetcites [388] Campbell, 1989
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The spectral components in the visible were generated through SHG and sum-frequency generation, along with cascaded SHG which allows for spectral generation down to the UV regime.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.7. Supercontinuum generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] Luo, 2018, Optica source
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fortunately, LN surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology has been developed for several decades for its use in mobile communication systems [392] , which provides valuable experience and insight into the design of piezo-optomechanical devices.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.1. Piezoelectricity and photoelasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [392] Cheng, 1992, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This approach utilizes quasi-phase matched 𝜒𝜒 (2) interactions to enable broadband SHG with 3-dB bandwidths >110 nm and effective self-phase modulation with nonlinearities that are 200 times larger than the intrinsic 𝜒𝜒 (3) nonlinearity in LN.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.7. Supercontinuum generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [295] Jankowski, 2020, Optica source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Piezo-optomechanical coupling between superconducting qubits and optical cavities using AlN on Si has been achieved [390], benefiting from the well-developed silicon optomechanics platform.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5. Piezo-optomechanics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Mayor, 2021, Phys. Rev. Appl. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The waveguide output was directly sent to a silicon avalanche photodiode for f CEO detection and a feedback loop was implemented for stabilization.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 4.7. Supercontinuum generation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [296] Luo, 2019, Laser Photon. Rev. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently developed integrated LN acousto-optic frequency shifter (AOFS) [396,401] employ such "free-space" regions and achieve high purity frequency shifting.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.2.2 Surface acoustic wave on LNOI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [396] Cai, 2019, Low-loss waveguides in Y-cut thin film lithium niobate for acousto-optic applications source
- Not checked yetcites [401] Shao, 2020, Acoustically mediated microwave-to-optical conversion on thin-film lithium niobate
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The propagation loss is typically 1-7 dB/mm at GHz frequencies at room temperature, and about one order of magnitude lower at cryogenic temperatures [393,394].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.2.1 Surface acoustic wave on bulk LN
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [393] Shao, 2020, Opt. Express source
- Not checked yetcites [394] Cai, 2019, Photon. Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Optomechanical crystals [142,170,182] have also been developed on suspended LN.Periodic structures provide bandgaps for both light and acoustic waves, while resonators are formed by introducing defect modes within the bandgap, for example, by introducing a perturbation to the periodic unit cell.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.2.4 Suspended thin-film LN
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Li, 2019, Laser Photon. Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [170] Luo, 2019, Phys. Rev. Appl. source
- Not checked yetcites [182] Li, 2020, Nat. Commun. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On Ti in-diffused LN waveguides, integrated SNSPDs based on amorphous WSi as well as W TESs have both been demonstrated [418,419].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [418] Colangelo, 2020, Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector on thin- film lithium niobate photonic waveguide
- Not checked yetcites [419] Desiatov, 2019, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, both demonstrations employed specially tailored deposition processes for the superconducting thin film to avoid excessive heating, which is incompatible to LN thin films [423,424].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [423] Akhlaghi, 2015, Nat. Commun. source
- Not checked yetcites [424] Cheng, 2020, Photon. Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such acoustooptic nonreciprocal devices have been developed on thin film AlN [406,407].However, the achieved efficiency is still much lower than the state-of-the-art magnetic bulk optical isolators and circulators.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.3.3 Nonreciprocal optical devices
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [406] Reed, 2010, Nat. Photonics source
- Not checked yetcites [407] Honardoost, 2019, Opt. Express source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and transition-edge sensors (TESs) are two leading single-photon detection technologies, especially at infrared wavelengths [412-415].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [412] Cabrera, 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [413] Miller, 2003, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [414] Tanner, 2012, Nanotechnology source
- Not checked yetcites [415] Smirnov, 2018, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suspended LN disks support both optical whispering gallery modes and mechanical modes (Figure 35(a)), and have been used to achieve optomechanical coupling [166], but at a relatively low mechanical frequency of 100s of MHz.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.2.4 Suspended thin-film LN
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Siew, 2016, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Though rib-loaded modulators have not been able to fully utilize CMOS-fabrication facilities, it does reduce some process compatibility issues associated with LN etching, and can reach similar performances as monolithic ones [409].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [409] Ferrari, 2018, Nanophotonics source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More recently, hybrid LN (unpatterned)/SiNx MZM have also been demonstrated, which is CMOS-compatible and is aimed for future integration with SiP photonics [202].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [202] Bahadori, 2020, Opt. Express source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bonding of dry-etched thin-film LN modulators on Si photonic circuits were also achieved, where the splitters/combiners and grating couplers of the MZM were all Si, but the phase modulation sections, including LN ridge waveguides and metal electrodes, were in LN thin films [22].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] He, 2019, Nat. Photonics source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hybrid devices that use LN and silicon have the potential for higher microwave to optical conversion efficiencies, and such hybrid devices using AlN and silicon have been recently demonstrated [390], though their efficiency is still limited.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.3.1 Microwave-to-optical conversion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Mayor, 2021, Phys. Rev. Appl. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Molecular beam epitaxy growth of LN on sapphire has been demonstrated [402], and it opens another pathway for high quality LN on sapphire, although the current film quality is still not comparable with ones prepared by the Smart-Cut.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.2.3 LN on Sapphire
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [402] Saleh, 2019
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On bulk LN substrate, SNSPDs based on polycrystalline NbN have been studied since 2012 [416,417].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [416] Höpker, 2017, Proc. SPIE source
- Not checked yetcites [417] Höpker, 2019, APL Photon. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another is employing the LN-on-sapphire platform (Figure 35(e)) [397] for better acoustic confinement and better substrate thermal conductivity to handle high RF power.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.3.2 Integrated acousto-optic modulation and frequency shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [397] Sarabalis, 2020, APL Photon. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, piezoelectrically driving such small acoustic modes is challenging.It can be done using electrodes directly deposited on the optomechanical crystals [182] or by employing an inter-digitated transducer (IDT) on a suspended acoustic waveguide then guided to the crystals [170].Due to the small size of electrodes, the demonstrated microwave-to-mechanical conversion efficiency is ~0.1%.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 5.2.4 Suspended thin-film LN
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Luo, 2019, Phys. Rev. Appl. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thin-film LN could be suited for both time-domain as well as frequency-domain quantum processing [477], as fast switches, interferometers and electrooptic frequency shifters can be achieved in a compact and low-loss platform.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.2. Quantum photonics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [477] Soudagar, 2007, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With growing complexity of the optical circuits [471], additional challenges related to fabrication variation arises, which motivates active tuning of photonic devices [472].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.2. Quantum photonics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [471]
- Not checked yetcites [472] Slussarenko, 2019, Appl. Phys. Rev. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other methods of mitigation used in bulk LN devices include transition metal doping [462] and operating at elevated temperature [463].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.1. Charge carrier effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [462] Becker, 1985, Opt. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [463] Gee, 1985, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On Ti in-diffused LN waveguides, GaAs detectors have been demonstrated [430].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [430] Ellis, 2018, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the strong Raman oscillation in LN manifests in the counterpropagating direction with respect to the pump field [175], effectively coupling the clockwise and counterclockwise modes in the resonator.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.3. Nonlinear photonics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] Holzgrafe, 2020, Optica source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Note that the integrated SNSPDs [420,421] and amorphous-Si detectors [422] discussed here can be fabricated by direct material deposition and patterning on LNOI waveguides.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [420] Sayem, 2020, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [421] Cheng, 2019, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [422] Dane, 2017, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent measurements [183,342,457,458] suggest that these effects are stronger in LNOI than in comparable bulk devices, possibly due to the tighter optical confinement and higher crystal defect concentration in LNOI.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.1. Charge carrier effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [183] Boyd, 2019
- Not checked yetcites [342] Sanna, 2015, Phys. Rev. B source
- Not checked yetcites [457] Surya, 2021, Opt. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [458] Günter, 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ability to process quantum information in the time domain has been widely used for quantum communication, where the temporal modes can propagate long distances in optical fibers [474], and frequency-domain quantum processing enables parallel and multiplexed operations [258].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.2. Quantum photonics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [474] Marcikic, 2002, Phys. Rev. A source
- Not checked yetcites [258] Tsang, 2010, Phys. Rev. A source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As an example, beam splitter can be achieved by Mach-Zehnder interferometers, which can be tuned to the desired operation point, which increases the number of active devices and optical phase shifters, but allows for compensating for defects and fabrication imperfections [473].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.2. Quantum photonics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [473] Lu, 2019, npj Quantum Inf. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Time-domain quantum processing employs fast switches, optical delay lines as well as unbalanced interferometers as fundamental building blocks [475], while frequency-domain processing requires spectral filtering, as well as frequency shifting achieved by e.g.electrooptic modulation [476].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.2. Quantum photonics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [475] Joshi, 2018, Nat. Commun. source
- Not checked yetcites [476] Joshi, 2020, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the thin-film platform, metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors based on amorphous silicon have been reported, featuring a responsivity of 22 mA/W to 37 mA/W in the 635 nm to 850 nm wavelength range [422] (see Figure 37(b)).”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 6.1. Hybrid modulators
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [422] Dane, 2017, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thermo-optic tuning can be used as a drift-free method of bias control [16,468], but this requires tradeoffs in power dissipation and tuning bandwidth.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.1. Charge carrier effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Xu, 2020, Nat. Commun. source
- Not checked yetcites [468] Wang, 2020, Nat. Photonics source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the thin-film LN platform presents a promising avenue for exploring more complex nonlinear dynamics.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.3. Nonlinear photonics
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The role of Raman and the dynamics of counterpropagating EO fields remains largely unstudied.
In the paper
“This method can provide detailed information on the surface but without poling depth information.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [304] Li, 2017, Opt. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CPM-based spontaneous parametric down conversion has been reported in a X-cut LN microdisk resonator[159].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Hao, 2017, Photon. Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The concept of the photonic molecule, where hybrid modes are formed by a pair of evanescently coupled microring resonators.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] McKenna, 2020, Optica source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This non-reciprocal process of acousto-optic modulation has been demonstrated in AlN [492] and Si [493], and can be readily adapted to integrated LN systems.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.4. Magnetic-free non-reciprocity and optical isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [492] Sohn, 2018, Nat. Photonics source
- Not checked yetcites [493] Kittlaus, 2018, Nat. Photonics source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Different frequency modes are coupled by EO modulation and form a tight-binding lattice.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [271] Yuan, 2016, Optica source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using this property, it is possible to construct an effective magnetic field using a pair of such modulators driven by microwave fields with different phases [285], which could lead to optical isolation as well.”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 7.4. Magnetic-free non-reciprocity and optical isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [285] Minkov, 2016, Optica source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, several works have demonstrated the coupling of quantum dot emitters to integrated on-chip silicon-based photonic platforms[431][432][433].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [431][432][433]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The carrier-envelope offset frequency (f CEO ) can be stabilized by using a self-referencing technique based on f-2f interferometry which requires the generation of a coherent, octavespanning spectrum [372-374].”
§ Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate > 8. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [372] Okawachi, 2018, Opt. Lett. source
- Not checked yetcites [373] Hickstein, 2019, Nat. Photonics source
- Not checked yetcites [374] Lu, 2019, Opt. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

253 of 253

The authors state this as an assumption.
Both the source and load (termination) have impedance ZL (in most cases at 50 Ω).
“Here, we assume both the source and load (termination) have impedance 𝑍𝑍 𝐿𝐿 (in most cases at 50 Ω).”
The paper relies on this without support.
For many applications in high-density integrated photonics, more compact modulators are required.
“For many applications in highdensity integrated photonics, more compact modulators are required.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Dielectric relaxation effects have yet to be studied directly in LNOI devices.
“To our knowledge, these effects have yet to be studied directly in LNOI devices, but recent works have observed bias drift consistent with dielectric relaxation [467].”
The paper relies on this without support.
The role of Raman and the dynamics of counterpropagating EO fields remains largely unstudied.
“The role of Raman and the dynamics of counterpropagating EO fields remains largely unstudied, and the thin-film LN platform presents a promising avenue for exploring more complex nonlinear dynamics.”

4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Metasurface-assisted SHG efficiency disagrees with Table 5
Major
The text reports a normalized conversion efficiency of 1,660% W−1 cm−2 for the metasurface-assisted device, while Table 5 lists 0.4%/W cm2 for the same reference [320]. These values differ by a factor of 4,150.
Table 6 disagrees with the stated SHG efficiency for reference [169]
Major
The text gives 0.09%/mW, equivalent to 90%/W, whereas Table 6 lists 0.9%/W for the same ring-shaped resonator reference. The listed values differ by a factor of 100.
Simulated propagation exceeds the stated waveguide length
Minor
The waveguide used for the Figure 32 simulation is described as 0.5 cm long, yet the discussion says a dispersive wave is generated after propagation beyond 4 cm.
SiNx-loaded modulator's VπL differs between prose and Table 3
Minor
For reference [203], the prose reports 2.1 V-cm, while Table 3 lists 1.925 V-cm. The table's own voltage and length, 0.875 V and 24 mm, give 2.1 V-cm, supporting the prose value.
Figure 6 reverses the Si and TiO2 reference labels
Minor
The waveguide discussion assigns reference [96] to TiO2 loading and [97] to Si loading, but the Figure 6 caption assigns those references to Si and TiO2, respectively.

5 of 5

Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas
Owen, D. B., Abramowitz, M., & Stegun, I. A. (1965) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1965.10490234 · Cited by 19,069
Microwave Engineering
Pozar, D. M. (1990) · Cited by 8,075
Microwave engineering
(1963) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/0016-0032(63)90675-6 · Cited by 5,822
Cavity optomechanics
Aspelmeyer, M., Kippenberg, T. J., & Marquardt, F. (2014) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.86.1391 · Cited by 5,501
Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber
Dudley, J. M., Genty, G., & Coen, S. (2006) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.78.1135 · Cited by 4,337
Fundamentals of Photonics
Culshaw, B., & López-Higuera, J. M. (2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13065-1 · Cited by 3,778
Photonic Floquet topological insulators
Rechtsman, M. C., Zeuner, J. M., Plotnik, Y., Lumer, Y., Podolsky, D., Dreisow, F., Nolte, S., Segev, M., & Szameit, A. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12066 · Cited by 3,332
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
Griffiths, P. R., & de Haseth, J. A. (2007) · doi:10.1002/047010631x · Cited by 3,052
Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis
Jones, D. J., Diddams, S. A., Ranka, J. K., Stentz, A., Windeler, R. S., Hall, J. L., & Cundiff, S. T. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.635 · Cited by 2,661
Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages
Wang, C., Zhang, M., Chen, X., Bertrand, M., Shams-Ansari, A., Chandrasekhar, S., Winzer, P., & Lončar, M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y · Cited by 2,593
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 530 references

5 of the 530 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Hu, 2009, Large area, crystal-bonded LiNbO3 thin films and ridge waveguides of high refractive index contrast
Jin, 2016, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 28, 736, 10.1109/lpt.2015.2507136 · DOI
Boyd, 2019, Nonlinear Optics
Stenger, 2017, Low loss and low Vpi thin film lithium niobate on quartz electro-optic modulators, 1
Tsang, 2011, Phys. Rev. A, 84, 043845, 10.1103/physreva.84.04384 · DOI
Boyd, 2008, Nonlinear Optics
Gui, 2010, Periodically Poled Ridge Waveguides and Photonic Wires in LiNbO for Efficient Nonlinear Interactions
Günter, 2005, Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 1: Basic Effects

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,001

Quantum critical electro-optic materials for photonics
Anderson, C. P., Scuri, G., White, A. D., Lukin, D. M., Szakiel, E., Yang, J., Gasse, K. V., Guidry, M. A., Jiang, W., Safavi‐Naeini, A. H., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2023.sf1e.5 · Cited by 2
Structural, electronic, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of undoped and Mo (I, II)-doped LiNbO3 crystal
Abdul-Hussein, W. A., & Almusawe, A. J. (2023) · Technium Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.47577/technium.v13i.9623 · Cited by 2
Metal Electrodes for Filtering the Localized Fundamental Mode of a Ridge Optical Waveguide on a Thin Lithium Niobate Nanofilm
Parfenov, M. V., Agruzov, P. M., Tronev, A. V., Il'ichev, I. V., Usikova, A., Zadiranov, Y., & Shamrai, A. V. (2023) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano13202755 · Cited by 2
Low-loss amorphous silicon carbide photonics and its heterogeneous integration with existing high performance active/passive platforms
Lopez-Rodriguez, B., van der Kolk, R. J. H., Aggarwal, S., Li, Z., Sharma, N., Scholte, T., Bhaskaran, H., & Zadeh, I. E. (2023) · OSA Advanced Photonics Congress · doi:10.1364/iprsn.2023.itu2a.4 · Cited by 2
Exploring the impact of longitudinal modulation on the twisting angle in Pancharatnam-Berry phase-based waveguides
Arumugam, S. V., Jisha, C. P., Marrucci, L., Alberucci, A., & Nolte, S. (2023) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.505538 · Cited by 2
Experimental demonstration of TE/TM polarization-independent frequency upconversion assisted by polarization coupling
Ding, T., Tang, Y., Sun, X., Huang, Y., Jiang, B., Liu, J., Li, Z., Zheng, Y., & Chen, X. (2023) · Chinese Optics Letters · doi:10.3788/col202321.121901 · Cited by 2
Monolithic Ni/LiNbO3 Structures with an Interfacial Magnetoelectric Effect
Sharko, S. A., Serokurova, A. I., Новицкий, Н. Н., Poddubnaya, N. N., Ketsko, V. A., & Stognij, A. I. (2023) · Inorganic Materials · doi:10.1134/s0020168523060134 · Cited by 2
High-Speed Waveguide-coupled Photodiode Arrays on Thin-film Lithium Niobate Platform
Wei, C., Chen, Y., Sun, Y. S., Zeng, Z., Ye, J., Zou, X., Pan, W., Xie, X., & Yan, L. (2023) · International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics · doi:10.1109/mwp58203.2023.10416607 · Cited by 2
Subtleties of nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides for on-chip evanescent wave sensing
Harper, N. A., Hwang, E., Kocheril, P. A., Lam, T. K., & Cushing, S. K. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.529570 · Cited by 3
Design rules for frequency conversion in periodically poled thin film lithium niobate waveguides
Koyaz, Y., Lafforgue, C., Balakleyskiy, N., Hefti, O., Zarebidaki, H., Sattari, H., Grassani, D., & Brès, C. (2024) · Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies · doi:10.1117/12.3002631 · Cited by 2
Trident edge coupler on thin-film lithium niobate for optimized coupling of octave-separated wavelengths for nonlinear applications
Gerguis, J. O., Chang, G., & Qi, M. (2024) · Optics Continuum · doi:10.1364/optcon.518712 · Cited by 2
Tunable linear-optical phase amplification
Schwarze, C. R., Simon, D. S., Ndao, A., & Sergienko, A. V. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.053508 · Cited by 2
Widely Tunable Laser Based on Thin-film Lithium Niobate / III-V Hybrid Integration
Wang, S., Wang, Q., Ma, R., Lin, Z., & Cai, X. (2024) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.1364/ofc.2024.w1k.2 · Cited by 2
112 Gbaud optical PAM8 modulation based on segmented thin film lithium niobate modulator
Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, C., Wu, D., Zhou, P., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, D., & Xiao, X. (2024) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.1364/ofc.2024.m2d.6 · Cited by 2
Seamless Digital Wireless-Photonic Receiver With Optical Phase Diversity
Ghosh, N., & Pendharker, S. (2024) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2024.3403231 · Cited by 2
Electro-optically tunable optical delay on a lithium niobate photonic chip
Zhang, J.-Z., Chen, J.-L., Fan, J.-W., Wang, J.-Q., Yang, Y.-H., Xu, X., Liu, B., Chen, W., Guo, G., & Zou, C. (2024) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.519479 · Cited by 2
Parametric all-optical modulation on a chip
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Authors: Zhu, D., Shao, L., Yu, M., Cheng, R., Desiatov, B., Xin, C. J., Hu, Y., Holzgrafe, J., Ghosh, S., Shams-Ansari, A., Puma, E., Sinclair, N., Reimer, C., Zhang, M., & Lončar, M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Harvard University
California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Lončar, Marko
ORCID: Zhu, Di
Shao, Linbo
Yu, Mengjie
Cheng, Rebecca
Desiatov, Boris
Xin, C. J.
Hu, Yaowen
Holzgrafe, Jeffrey
Ghosh, Soumya
Shams-Ansari, Amirhassan
Sinclair, Neil
Reimer, Christian
Zhang, Mian
Lončar, Marko
Venue: Advances in Optics and Photonics
Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
Published: 2021-05-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 242
ISSN: 1943-8206 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1364/aop.411024
OpenAlex: W3130725666
Semantic Scholar: 2019ed75223f51bf7321f877eefee8bcbf953387
Cited by: 1,516
References: 530
Citations by year: 2026: 293 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 271 · 2022: 170 · 2021: 60
FWCI: 90.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
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Locations: Advances in Optics and Photonics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Harvard Quantum Initiative
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Office of Naval Research
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
U.S. Department of Energy
Army Research Laboratory
Army Research Office
Raytheon Company
Nokia Bell labs
Rockwell Collins
Google
Alliance for Quantum Technologies, California Institute of Technology (INQNET)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Photonic and Optical Devices
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies
Keywords: lithium niobate, thin-film lithium niobate, integrated photonics, lithium niobate on insulator, optical modulators, nonlinear frequency conversion, electro-optic devices, acousto-optic devices, low-loss resonators, optical frequency combs, quantum transducers, wafer-scale thin films

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Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

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