Chromophore concentrations, absorption and scattering properties of human skin in-vivo
Open accessAbstract
Absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of in-vivo human skin provide critical information on non-invasive skin diagnoses for aesthetic and clinical purposes. To date, very few in-vivo skin optical properties have been reported. Previously, we reported absorption and scattering properties of in-vivo skin in the wavelength range from 650 to 1000 nm using the diffusing probe in the "modified two-layer geometry". In this study, we determine the spectra of skin optical properties continuously in the range from 500 to 1000 nm. It was found that the concentration of chromophores, such as oxy-hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin, and melanin, calculated based on the absorption spectra of eighteen subjects at wavelengths above and below 600 nm were distinct because of the inherent difference in the interrogation region. The scattering power, which is related to the average scatterer's size, demonstrates a clear contrast between skin phototypes, skin sites, and wavelengths. We also applied venous occlusion on forearms and found that the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin as assessed at wavelengths above and below 600 nm were different. Our results suggest that diffuse reflectance techniques with the visible and near infrared light sources can be employed to investigate the hemodynamics and optical properties of upper dermis and lower dermis.
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In the 600 to 800 nm spectrum, scattering by FST V-VI was greater than the other FSTs.
“In the 600 to 800 nm spectrum, scattering by FST V–VI was greater than the other FSTs.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
A small peak in absorption was observed at ∼970 nm for all skin types, corresponding with water absorption.
“A small peak in absorption was observed at ∼970 nm for all skin types corresponding with water absorption.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Tseng et al. observed a twofold decrease in absorption as the wavelength increased from 500 to 600 nm for both skin types I-II and III-IV.
“A decrease in absorption as the wavelength increased from 500 to 600 nm of twofold was observed for both skin types I–II and III–IV.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Tseng et al. found mean absorption coefficients for FST III-IV were greater between 500 and 600 nm than for FST I-II.
“The mean absorption coefficients for FST III–IV were greater between 500 and 600 nm (the region coinciding with high melanin absorption) than for FST I–II.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Differences between skin types I-II and V-VI were significant for both absorption and scattering in the 600 to 850 nm and 600 to 750 nm ranges, respectively.
“The differences between skin types I–II and V–VI were shown to be significant for both absorption and scattering in 600 to 850 nm and 600 to 750 nm ranges, respectively.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Tseng et al. measurements show that in the near-infrared region, FSTs I-II and III-IV had very similar absorption and scattering properties.
“Measurements by Tseng et al.41 show that in the near-infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum, FSTs I–II and III–IV had very similar absorption and scattering properties.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
For FST V-VI, absorption and scattering converged with the other skin types at 850 and 750 nm, respectively, indicating that the NIR is likely to be the region where FST may have less impact on optical properties.
“For FST V–VI absorption and scattering converged with the other skin types at 850 and 750 nm, respectively, indicating that the NIR is likely to be the region where FST may have less impact on optical properties.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Scattering measurements by Tseng et al. for FST V-VI were greater than those measured by Saager et al. by twofold at 600 nm down to 18% at 900 nm.
“Scattering measurements by Tseng et al.41 for FST V–VI were greater than those measured by Saager et al.39 by twofold at 600 nm down to 18% at 900 nm.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
The maximum sample number for FST V-VI is 6.
“the maximum sample number for FST V–VI is 6.41,42,44,46,48”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
At 600 nm, absorption data published by Bosschaart et al. are progressively greater with increasing skin pigmentation than Tseng et al.'s data, being 25%, 45%, and 77% greater for FST I-II, III-IV, and V-VI, respectively.
“At 600 nm, absorption data published by Bosschaart et al.42 are progressively greater with increasing skin pigmentation than Tseng et al.’s41 data, being 25%, 45%, and 77% greater for FST I–II, III–IV, and V–VI, respectively.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
At 500 nm, Bosschaart et al.'s data are 73% and 77% greater than Tseng et al.'s for FST I-II and III-IV, respectively.
“At 500 nm, the differences are more marked, with Bosschaart et al.’s42 data being 73% and 77% greater than Tseng et al.’s41 for FST I–II and III–IV, respectively.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Elevated scattering by FST V-VI in the 600 to 800 nm region is attributed to the scattering power of melanosomes.
“This coincides with the region discussed in Sec. 3.1 where elevated scattering by FST V–VI in the 600 to 800 nm region is attributed to the scattering power of melanosomes.41”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Skin location and colour have important effects on measured absorption and scattering in the skin.
“These authors showed that skin location and colour have important effects on measured absorption and scattering in the skin.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Numerous authors have measured optical properties of skin on the forearm using DRS and absorption coefficients vary 9-fold amongst publications from 0.01 mm-1 to 0.09 mm-1 at 700 nm.
“Numerous authors have measured the optical properties of skin on the forearm using DRS and the absorption coefficients vary 9-fold amongst the publications from 0.01 mm-1 - 0.09 mm-1 at 700 nm [37,46,55,57,60].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Skin location has an important effect on absorption and scattering coefficients (Doornbos et al.).
“Like Tseng et al., skin location was shown to have an important effect on absorption and scattering coefficients by Doornbos et al. [55,57].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Tseng and Hsu's scattering and absorption profiles followed a similar pattern to other authors, with absorption greatest between 500 nm and 600 nm, declining with increasing wavelength except for a small peak at ∼970 nm.
“However, their scattering and absorption profiles followed a similar pattern to the other authors’ with absorption being greatest between 500 nm and 600 nm beyond which it declines steadily with increasing wavelength except for a small peak observed at ∼970 nm.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Measured reduced scattering coefficients have up to 10-fold variability using DRS at 700 nm, ranging from 0.184 mm-1 to 2.19 mm-1.
“Similarly, measured reduced scattering coefficients have up to 10-fold variability using DRS at this wavelength, ranging from 0.184 mm-1 to 2.19 mm-1 [55,57,60,61].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
In the visible region, both melanin in the epidermis and haemoglobin in the blood supply to the dermis contributed to the high absorption coefficients in some subjects.
“In the visible region both melanin in the epidermis and haemoglobin in the blood supply to the dermis contributed to the high absorption coefficients in some subjects.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
MC simulations showed that the interrogation depth at 500 nm was at least 46% less than at 900 nm.
“MC simulations were used to determine the penetration depth of photons in the skin and showed that the interrogation depth at 500 nm was at least 46% less than at 900 nm.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
At 800 nm, the absorption coefficients described by Tseng et al. were 5-fold greater than those measured by Hsu et al.
“At 800 nm the absorption coefficients described by Tseng et al., were 5-fold greater than those measured by Hsu et al. [55,56].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
A small peak in absorption was observed at ∼970 nm for all skin-types corresponding with water absorption.
“A small peak in absorption was observed at ∼970 nm for all skin-types corresponding with water absorption.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Tseng et al. showed that there was a 2-fold decrease in absorption as the wavelength increased from 500 nm to 600 nm.
“Taking measurements from 18 subjects in the wavelength range 500 nm-1000 nm, Tseng et al., showed that there was a 2-fold decrease in absorption as the wavelength increased from 500 nm to 600 nm [55].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Tseng, S.-H., Bargo, P., Durkin, A., & Kollias, N.
- Affiliations
- National Cheng Kung University (TW)
- Johnson & Johnson (United States) (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tseng, Sheng-Hao
- ORCID
- Durkin, Anthony
- Venue
- Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2009-08-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 14599
- ISSN
- 1094-4087 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2754563
- OpenAlex
- W2012728588
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Optics Express (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (P41 RR01192, P41RR001192)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
- Keywords
- chromophore concentration, absorption coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, melanin, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fitzpatrick skin type, venous occlusion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Algorithms, Diffusion, Equipment Design, Hemoglobins, Humans, Melanins, Middle Aged, Oxyhemoglobins, Scattering, Radiation, Skin, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Photons, Optics and Photonics
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