Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Open accessAbstract
Noninvasive and real-time analysis of skin properties is useful in a wide variety of applications. In particular, the quantitative assessment of skin in terms of hemoglobin and melanin content, as well as in terms of its light scattering properties, is a challenging problem in dermatology. We present here a technique for examining human skin, based on the in vivo measurement of diffuse reflectance spectra in the visible and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectra were measured by means of a fiber optic probe, and they were analyzed using an analytical model of light diffusion in the skin. The results of the analysis indicate that it is possible to obtain quantitative information about hemoglobin and melanin content, as well as basic information regarding the scattering properties of the skin.
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Melanin absorbs light in the visible spectrum, especially at green wavelengths, reducing signal penetration into the blood-containing dermis and attenuating the AC component of the PPG signal.
“increased melanin reduces signal penetration into the blood-containing dermis, attenuating the AC component of the PPG signal.”
From PPG-Based Heart Rate Accuracy in Hispanic Adults with Fitzpatrick III–V Skin Tones: An Evaluation of Body Composition and Skin-Tone Effects (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Failing to correct for PPG errors exacerbates existing healthcare disparities.
“failing to correct for these errors exacerbates existing healthcare disparities [10,23,24,25,26]”
From PPG-Based Heart Rate Accuracy in Hispanic Adults with Fitzpatrick III–V Skin Tones: An Evaluation of Body Composition and Skin-Tone Effects (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
This pattern is consistent with optical absorption by melanin in the green band and reduced pulsatile content reaching the photodiode.
“consistent with optical absorption by melanin in the green band and reduced pulsatile content reaching the photodiode [10,11,28].”
From PPG-Based Heart Rate Accuracy in Hispanic Adults with Fitzpatrick III–V Skin Tones: An Evaluation of Body Composition and Skin-Tone Effects (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Inaccurate PPG heart rate measurements occur up to 15% more frequently in dark skin than in light skin.
“previous research demonstrated that inaccurate PPG HR measurements occur up to 15% more frequently in dark skin as compared to light skin”
From Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
Darker skin contains more melanin, which absorbs more green light than lighter skin.
“likely because darker skin contains more melanin which absorbs more green light than lighter skin.”
From Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
This effect has been documented by other investigators68 and it may account for some of the errors experienced by dark skin individuals utilizing wearable based on PPG68-71.
“This effect has been documented by other investigators68 and it may account for some of the errors experienced by dark skin individuals utilizing wearable based on PPG68–71.”
From Synthetic photoplethysmography (PPG) of the radial artery through parallelized Monte Carlo and its correlation to body mass index (BMI) (2021) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- Zonios, G., Bykowski, J., & Kollias, N.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kollias, Nikiforos
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1452-1457
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089724274
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
- Keywords
- skin melanin, light scattering properties, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, in vivo skin measurement, optical fiber probe, visible and near-infrared spectra
- MeSH terms
- Fiber Optic Technology, Hemoglobins, Humans, Melanins, Models, Biological, Scattering, Radiation, Skin, Skin Pigmentation, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Optical Fibers
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