Primary Prevention of Cannabis Use: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
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A systematic review of primary prevention was conducted for cannabis use outcomes in youth and young adults. The aim of the review was to develop a comprehensive understanding of prevention programming by assessing universal, targeted, uni-modal, and multi-modal approaches as well as individual program characteristics. Twenty-eight articles, representing 25 unique studies, identified from eight electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, DRUG, EBM Reviews, and Project CORK), were eligible for inclusion. Results indicated that primary prevention programs can be effective in reducing cannabis use in youth populations, with statistically significant effect sizes ranging from trivial (0.07) to extremely large (5.26), with the majority of significant effect sizes being trivial to small. Given that the preponderance of significant effect sizes were trivial to small and that percentages of statistically significant and non-statistically significant findings were often equivalent across program type and individual components, the effectiveness of primary prevention for cannabis use should be interpreted with caution. Universal multi-modal programs appeared to outperform other program types (i.e, universal uni-modal, targeted multi-modal, targeted unimodal). Specifically, universal multi-modal programs that targeted early adolescents (10-13 year olds), utilised non-teacher or multiple facilitators, were short in duration (10 sessions or less), and implemented boosters sessions were associated with large median effect sizes. While there were studies in these areas that contradicted these results, the results highlight the importance of assessing the interdependent relationship of program components and program types. Finally, results indicated that the overall quality of included studies was poor, with an average quality rating of 4.64 out of 9. Thus, further quality research and reporting and the development of new innovative programs are required.
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A clear pattern in programme characteristics that would distinguish studies with positive results from those with no effects has not yet been identified.
“However, a clear pattern in programme characteristics that would distinguish studies with positive results from those with no effects has not yet been identified”
From School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis (2016) · cites this paper as Norberg et al., 2013
Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses of substance use prevention programmes identified studies either demonstrating significant effects or showing no effect at all.
“Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses of substance use prevention programmes identified studies either demonstrating significant effects, or showing no effect at all”
From School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis (2016) · cites this paper as Norberg, Kezelman, & Lim-Howe, 2013
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- Authors
- Norberg, M. M., Kezelman, S., & Lim-Howe, N.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Norberg, Melissa M.
- ORCID
- Norberg, Melissa M.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-01-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e53187
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3543459
- OpenAlex
- W2066699323
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- cannabis use prevention, primary prevention, youth, young adults, universal prevention programs, early adolescents, booster sessions, program effectiveness, study quality
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Marijuana Abuse, Child, Humans, Preventive Health Services, Program Evaluation, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Young Adult
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