Ablation of the ID2 gene results in altered circadian feeding behavior, and sex-specific enhancement of insulin sensitivity and elevated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue
Open accessAbstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2) is a helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor rhythmically expressed in many adult tissues. Our earlier studies have demonstrated a role for ID2 in the input pathway, core clock function and output pathways of the mouse circadian system. We have also reported that Id2 null (Id2-/-) mice are lean with low gonadal white adipose tissue deposits and lower lipid content in the liver. These results coincided with altered or disrupted circadian expression profiles of liver genes including those involved in lipid metabolism. In the present phenotypic study we intended to decipher, on a sex-specific basis, the role of ID2 in glucose metabolism and in the circadian regulation of activity, important components of energy balance. We find that Id2-/- mice exhibited altered daily and circadian rhythms of feeding and locomotor activity; activity profiles extended further into the late night/dark phase of the 24-hr cycle, despite mice showing reduced total locomotor activity. Also, male Id2-/- mice consumed a greater amount of food relative to body mass, and displayed less weight gain. Id2-/- females had smaller adipocytes, suggesting sexual-dimorphic programing of adipogenesis. We observed increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in male Id2-/- mice, which was exacerbated in older animals. FDG-PET analysis revealed increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue of male Id2-/- mice, suggesting increased glucose metabolism and thermogenesis in these tissues. Reductions in intramuscular triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol were detected in male Id2-/- mice, highlighting its possible mechanistic role in enhanced insulin sensitivity in these mice. Our findings indicate a role for ID2 as a regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, and in the circadian control of feeding/locomotor behavior; and contribute to the understanding of the development of obesity and diabetes, particularly in shift work personnel among whom incidence of such metabolic disorders is elevated.
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FDG-PET analysis revealed increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue in ID2 knockout mice.
“Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) analysis revealed increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue in the LD2 KO mice [34].”
From Circadian control of glucose metabolism (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
ID2 knockout mice show increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.
“LD2 KO mice not only show increased light-induced phase-shifts [33], but also increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity [34].”
From Circadian control of glucose metabolism (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
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Han, J., Li, X., Liang, B., Ma, S., Pu, Y., Yu, F., Lu, J., Ma, Y., MacHugh, D. E., & Jiang, L. (2023) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159378 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impaired Thermogenesis and a Molecular Signature for Brown Adipose Tissue inId2Null Mice
Zhou, P., Robles‐Murguia, M., Mathew, D., & Duffield, G. E. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/6785948 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationDuffield, G. E., Han, S., Hou, T. Y., de la Iglesia, H. O., McDonald, K. A., Mecklenburg, K. L., & Robles‐Murguia, M. (2020) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730420957504 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationDuffield, G. E., Robles‐Murguia, M., Hou, T. Y., & McDonald, K. A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179632 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCukrzyca w społeczeństwie 24/7. Związek między pracą zmianową a zaburzeniami metabolicznymi
Wołyniec, W., Kurlapski, M., Januszczyk, J., & Renke, M. (2015) · Clinical Diabetology · doi:10.5603/dk.2015.0004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Characterisation of Functional Brown Adipose Tissue In Adult Humans
Orava, J. (2014) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
The role of Id genes on pulmonary hypertension development in left heart failure
Lteif, C., Wachs, P., Sharma, R. K., & Duarte, J. D. (2025) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100692
Type 2 diabetes, sex and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Lonardo, A., Jamalinia, M., & Weiskirchen, R. (2026) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.119756
- Authors
- Mathew, D., Zhou, P., Pywell, C. M., van der Veen, D. R., Shao, J., Xi, Y., Bonar, N. A., Hummel, A. D., Chapman, S., Leevy, W. M., & Duffield, G. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffield, Giles E.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-09-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e73064
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3759459
- OpenAlex
- W2026172147
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (10SDG4030011)
- University of Notre Dame
- National Institutes of Health (5r01gm087508-05)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01–GM087508, 10SDG4030011, GM087508)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- Id2, circadian clock, feeding behavior, locomotor activity, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle glucose uptake, brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, adipogenesis, sex differences, lipid metabolism, triglycerides, diacylglycerol, obesity, diabetes mellitus, shift work
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Biological Transport, Body Weight, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Circadian Rhythm, Diglycerides, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test, Homeostasis, Insulin Resistance, Male, Motor Activity, Sex Characteristics, Gene Deletion, Adipocytes, Muscle, Skeletal, Cell Size, Mice, Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2, Adipocytes, White
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