Reducing Specific Phobia/Fear in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) through a Virtual Reality Environment Intervention
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: Anxiety is common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), with specific fears and phobias one of the most frequent subtypes. Specific fears and phobias can have a serious impact on young people with ASD and their families. In this study we developed and evaluated a unique treatment combining cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) with graduated exposure in a virtual reality environment (VRE). Nine verbally fluent boys with an ASD diagnosis and no reported learning disability, aged 7 to 13 years old, were recruited. Each had anxiety around a specific situation (e.g. crowded buses) or stimulus (e.g. pigeons). An individualised scene was recreated in our 'wrap-around' VRE. In the VRE participants were coached by a psychologist in cognitive and behavioural techniques (e.g. relaxation and breathing exercises) while the exposure to the phobia/fear stimulus was gradually increased as the child felt ready. Each child received four 20-30 minute sessions. After participating in the study, eight of the nine children were able to tackle their phobia situation. Four of the participants completely overcame their phobia. Treatment effects were maintained at 12 months. These results provide evidence that CBT with VRE can be a highly effective treatment for specific phobia/fear for some young people with ASD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN58483069.
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The Target Situation vignette procedure is well-recognised and has high levels of agreement between expert raters.
“Using a well-recognised procedure with high levels of agreement between expert raters (Arnold et al., 2003; Maskey et al., 2014; Maskey et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c, 2019d)”
From A Pilot Randomised Control Trial Exploring the Feasibility and Acceptability of Delivering a Personalised Modular Psychological Intervention for Anxiety Experienced by Autistic Adults: Personalised Anxiety Treatment-Autism (PAT-A) (2024) · cites this paper as Maskey et al., 2014
The Methods > Measures section describes a standardized target-behaviour vignette protocol and says an expert panel compared the vignettes. It does not report agreement between expert raters, so the claim of high agreement is unsupported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“Using a well-recognised procedure with high levels of agreement between expert raters (Arnold et al., 2003; Maskey et al., 2014; Maskey et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c, 2019d), pairs of anonymised vignettes from baseline and 3 month follow-up were compared to identify whether there has been any change…”
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Özel Eğitimde Sanal Gerçeklik Uygulamaları
Özdemir, O., Erbaş, D., & Özkan, Ş. Y. (2019) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.448322 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Maskey, M., Lowry, J., Rodgers, J., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Maskey, Morag
- Parr, Jeremy R.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-07-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e100374
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4079659
- OpenAlex
- W2048921281
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Newcastle University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, specific phobia, fear, virtual reality exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, graduated exposure, childhood anxiety, maintenance therapy, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Breathing Exercises, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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