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Cited by 211Stress Responses and CortisolRegulation of Appetite and ObesityAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

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Increased Salivary Cortisol Reliably Induced by a Protein-Rich Midday Meal

Gibson, E. Leigh, Checkley, Stuart, Papadopoulos, Andrew, Poon, Lucia, Daley, Sarah, Wardle, Jane·1999·Psychosomatic Medicine
DOI 10.1097/00006842-199903000-00014
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine whether an increase in salivary free cortisol would be reliably elicited by a midday meal, thus providing a convenient physiological challenge to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and whether this cortisol release depended on the protein content of the meal. METHOD: In healthy men, free cortisol was measured in saliva samples taken before and after two identical protein-rich midday meals (39% energy as protein) and compared with a day on which no meal was eaten. Next, in healthy women in a nonclinical setting, salivary cortisol was measured before and after a protein-rich meal (32% energy as protein) on one day and a low-protein meal (5% energy as protein) on another day. Measures of mood, appetite, and psychological well-being were also taken. RESULTS: An acute meal-dependent increase in salivary cortisol occurred, which was reliable over 2 test days. This increase in cortisol depended on the proportion of protein in the meal, increasing after the high-protein but not the low-protein meal. The extent of this increase in cortisol correlated significantly with poor psychological well-being in women. Some postmeal improvement of mood (positive affect) was associated with the high- but not the low-protein meal. CONCLUSIONS: The cortisol response to meals may have implications for the effects of meal composition on mood, cognitive function, and food choice. The measurement of free cortisol in saliva provides a psychologically stress-free and reliable technique to assess the cortisol response to a standard protein-rich meal, ie, a physiological challenge to the HPA axis in men and women that could be investigated in naturalistic settings outside the laboratory.

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Metadata

Authors
Gibson, E. L., Checkley, S., Papadopoulos, A., Poon, L., Daley, S., & Wardle, J.
Affiliations
  • University College London (GB)
  • Royal London Hospital (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1999
Volume
61
Issue
2
Pages
214-224
ISSN
0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00006842-199903000-00014
OpenAlex
W2068075763
Cited by
211
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 22
FWCI
2.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
salivary cortisol, free cortisol, protein-rich meals, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, psychological stress, psychological well-being, mood, positive affect, appetite, meal composition
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors

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