Temporal dynamics of physical activity and affect in depressed and nondepressed individuals
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The association between physical activity and affect found in longitudinal observational studies is generally small to moderate. It is unknown how this association generalizes to individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate interindividual differences in the bidirectional dynamic relationship between physical activity and affect, in depressed and nondepressed individuals, using time-series analysis. METHOD: A pair-matched sample of 10 depressed and 10 nondepressed participants (mean age = 36.6, SD = 8.9, 30% males) wore accelerometers and completed electronic questionnaires 3 times a day for 30 days. Physical activity was operationalized as the total energy expenditure (EE) per day segment (i.e., 6 hr). The multivariate time series (T = 90) of every individual were analyzed using vector autoregressive modeling (VAR), with the aim to assess direct as well as lagged (i.e., over 1 day) effects of EE on positive and negative affect, and vice versa. RESULTS: Large interindividual differences in the strength, direction and temporal aspects of the relationship between physical activity and positive and negative affect were observed. An exception was the direct (but not the lagged) effect of physical activity on positive affect, which was positive in nearly all individuals. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the association between physical activity and affect varied considerably across individuals. Thus, while at the group level the effect of physical activity on affect may be small, in some individuals the effect may be clinically relevant.
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The remaining five of the seven studies collecting physiological measures investigated associations of depressive symptoms with sleep/wake cycles and physical activity using actimetry sensors.
“The remaining five articles investigated the association of depressive symptoms with sleep/wake cycles [32,33,36] and physical activity [37,38] using actimetry sensors.”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
Physical activity was associated with subsequent increased positive affect, regardless of diagnosis.
“Confirming these results, another study found that physical activity was associated with subsequent increased PA, regardless of the diagnosis [37].”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Stavrakakis, N., Booij, S. H., Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Bos, E. H.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- Suppl
- Pages
- 1268-1277
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2431712441
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NWO/ZonMW VICI (91812607)
- University Medical Center Groningen
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, affect, depression, positive affect, negative affect, energy expenditure, individual differences, bidirectional relationship, temporal dynamics, accelerometry, daily activity patterns
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Young Adult
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