Workplace bullying and mental health: a meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: A growing body of research has confirmed that workplace bullying is a source of distress and poor mental health. Here we summarize the cross-sectional and longitudinal literature on these associations. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analyses on the relation between workplace bullying and mental health. RESULTS: The cross-sectional data (65 effect sizes, N = 115.783) showed positive associations between workplace bullying and symptoms of depression (r = .28, 95% CI = .23-.34), anxiety (r = .34, 95% CI = .29-.40) and stress-related psychological complaints (r = .37, 95% CI = .30-.44). Pooling the literature that investigated longitudinal relationships (26 effect sizes, N = 54.450) showed that workplace bullying was related to mental health complaints over time (r = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.13-0.21). Interestingly, baseline mental health problems were associated with subsequent exposure to workplace bullying (r = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.10-0.27; 11 effect sizes, N = 27.028). LIMITATIONS: All data were self-reported, raising the possibility of reporting- and response set bias. CONCLUSIONS: Workplace bullying is consistently, and in a bi-directional manner, associated with reduced mental health. This may call for intervention strategies against bullying at work.
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Workplace bullying forms a serious health risk.
“For example, in the case of the work stress type of bullying, which forms a serious health risk (Nielsen et al., 2012;Verkuil et al., 2015)”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Verkuil et al., 2015
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- [50]Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Notelaers G, Moreno-Jiménez B. Workplace bullying and sleep quality: The mediating role of worry and need for recovery. Behav Psychol. 2011; 19: 453– 468.
- [94]Hansen AM, Hogh A, Persson R. Frequency of bullying at work, physiological response, and mental health. J Psychosom Res. 2011; 70: 19– 27. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.05.010 21193097 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Harvey, S. B., Modini, M., Joyce, S., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Tan, L., Mykletun, A., Bryant, R. A., Christensen, H., & Mitchell, P. B. (2017) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-104015 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Purba, A., & Demou, E. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7609-0 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Brosschot, J., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15030464 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationBrosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationOccupational factors associated with major depressive disorder: A Brazilian population-based study
Oenning, N. S. X., Ziegelmann, P. K., Goulart, B. N. G. D., & Niedhammer, I. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.022 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress symptoms in an Italian cohort of subjects complaining occupational stress
Buselli, R., Carmassi, C., Corsi, M., Baldanzi, S., Battistini, G., Chiumiento, M., Massimetti, G., Dell’Osso, L., & Cristaudo, A. (2021) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852920001595 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Verkuil, B., Atasayi, S., & Molendijk, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Verkuil, Bart
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-08-25
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0135225
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4549296
- OpenAlex
- W1934432224
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 8.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- workplace harassment, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, psychological distress, bidirectional relationship, bullying victimization, bullying intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Workplace, Publication Bias, Bullying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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