When worries make you sick: a review of perseverative cognition: the default stress response and somatic health

Verkuil, Bart; Brosschot, Jos F.; Gebhardt, Winifred A.; Thayer, Julian F.

doi:10.5127/jep.009110

Cited by 155Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMind wandering and attentionPsychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

When worries make you sick: a review of perseverative cognition: the default stress response and somatic health

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Verkuil, Bart, Brosschot, Jos F., Gebhardt, Winifred A., Thayer, Julian F.·2010·Journal of Experimental Psychopathology

DOI 10.5127/jep.009110

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Abstract

Perseverative cognition, such as worry and rumination, is a common reaction to stressful events. In this review, we present a self-regulation perspective on perseverative cognition and propose that it forms part of the default response to threat, novelty and ambiguity. This default response is enhanced in chronic worriers who show difficulties in recognizing signals of safety, due to excessive goal commitment and the use of perseverative cognition as a strategy to cope with perceived threats to goal attainment. It is proposed that worrying about stressful events increases the total amount of time that stress has a ‘wear and tear’ effect on the human body. Studies supporting this perseverative cognition hypothesis are reviewed. Moreover, we provide preliminary evidence that unconscious forms of perseverative cognition have substantial somatic health effects as well. In conclusion, a focus on perseverative cognition is warranted when investigating links between stressful events and somatic health.

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Chronic cognitive perseveration is linked to ongoing emotional reactions and downstream stress physiology that ultimately progresses to stress-related chronic disease.
“This model articulates a pathway by which chronic cognitive perseveration is linked to ongoing emotional reactions and downstream stress physiology (e.g., cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune/inflammatory systems) that ultimately progresses to stress-related chronic disease [13, 14].”
From Mindfulness Meditation Targets Transdiagnostic Symptoms Implicated in Stress-Related Disorders: Understanding Relationships between Changes in Mindfulness, Sleep Quality, and Physical Symptoms (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
Despite growing evidence that PC causes prolonged physiological responses, it is still far from explaining most protracted stress responses associated with chronic stressors.
“Despite growing evidence that PC causes prolonged physiological responses, especially for cardiovascular and endocrine (i.e.cortisol) activity (Brosschot et al., 2006;Ottaviani et al., 2015;Verkuil et al., 2010;Zoccola and Dickerson, 2012), it is still far from explaining most of, let alone all of, the often extremely protracted stress responses associated with chronic stressors such as work stres”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Verkuil et al., 2010

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Need for recovery after work and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in a working population
van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M., Kant, I., Bültmann, U., & Swaen, G. M. H. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i83 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Prolonged stress-related cardiovascular activation: Is there any?
Pieper, S., & BROSSCHOT, J. F. (2005) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3002_1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Pathological worrying, illness perceptions and disease severity in patients with psoriasis
Fortune, D. G., Richards, H. L., Main, C. J., & Griffiths, C. E. M. (2000) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910700168775 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cardiac autonomic reactivity and recovery in predicting carotid atherosclerosis: The cardiovascular risk in young finns study.
Heponiemi, T., Elovainio, M. J., Pulkki, L., Puttonen, S., Raitakari, O. T., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.1.13 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as an unsuccessful search for safety
Woody, S., & Rachman, S. (1994) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90040-x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Individual differences in delayed heart-rate recovery following stress: The role of extraversion, neuroticism and emotional control
Roger, D., & Jamieson, J. (1988) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90061-x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Emotion and Consciousness
Sher, S., & Winkielman, P. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373873-8.00026-8 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Negative problem orientation (Part II): construct validity and specificity to worry
Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.008 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Effect of ruminations on the saliva cortisol response to a social stressor
Young, E. A., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2001) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00059-7 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Thought and imaginal activity during worry and trauma recall
Behar, E., Zuellig, A. R., & Borkovec, T. D. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80064-4 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Individual differences in the effect of daily stressors on psoriasis: a prospective study
Verhoeven, E. W. M., Kraaimaat, F., de Jong, E. M. G. J., Schalkwijk, J., van de Kerkhof, P. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2009) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09194.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Decreased cortisol response to awakening is associated with cognitive vulnerability to depression in a nonclinical sample of young adults
Kuehner, C., Holzhauer, S., & Huffziger, S. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.007 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
On the links between self-discrepancies, rumination, metacognitions, and symptoms of depression in undergraduates
Roelofs, J., Papageorgiou, C., Gerber, R. D., Huibers, M. J. H., Peeters, F. P. M. L., & Arntz, A. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Worry and chronic pain patients: a description and analysis of individual differences
Eccleston, C., Crombez, G., Aldrich, S., & Stannard, C. (2001) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1053/eujp.2001.0252 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cognitive style and well-being: A prospective examination
Rector, N. A., & Roger, D. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00124-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Linkers and Nonlinkers: Goal Beliefs as a Moderator of the Effects of Everyday Hassles on Rumination, Depression, and Physical Complaints1
McIntosh, W. D., Harlow, T. F., & Martin, L. L. (1995) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02616.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Is There an Association Between Rumination and Self-Reported Physical Health? A One-Year Follow-Up in a Young and an Elderly Sample
Thomsen, D. K., Mehlsen, M. Y., Olesen, F., Hokland, M., Viidik, A., Avlund, K., & Zachariae, R. H. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/b:jobm.0000028496.41492.34 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Caregiving, repetitive thought, and immune response to vaccination in older adults
Segerstrom, S. C., Schipper, L. J., & Greenberg, R. N. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.11.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Negative Thoughts and Health: Associations Among Rumination, Immunity, and Health Care Utilization in a Young and Elderly Sample
Thomsen, D. K., Mehlsen, M. Y., Hokland, M., Viidik, A., Olesen, F., Avlund, K., Munk, K., & Zachariae, R. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000127688.44363.fb · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Effects of worry and somatic anxiety induction on thoughts, emotion and physiological activity
York, D., Borkovec, T. D., Vasey, M., & Stern, R. (1987) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(87)90060-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The autonomic phenotype of rumination
Ottaviani, C., Shapiro, D., Davydov, D. M., Goldstein, I. B., & Mills, P. J. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.014 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Do Healthy People Worry? Modern Health Worries, Subjective Health Complaints, Perceived Health, and Health Care Utilization
Filipkowski, K. B., Smyth, J. M., Rutchick, A. M., Santuzzi, A. M., Adya, M., Petrie, K. J., & Kaptein, A. A. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-009-9058-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Dream Rebound
Wegner, D. M., Wenzlaff, R. M., & Kozak, M. N. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00657.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Modern health worries and idiopathic environmental intolerance
Bailer, J., Witthöft, M., & Rist, F. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.006 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Effect of worrisome and relaxing thinking on fearful emotional processing
Peasley-Miklus, C., & Vrana, S. R. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00025-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Automatic and effortful emotional information processing regulates different aspects of the stress response
Ellenbogen, M. A., Schwartzman, A. E., Stewart, J., & Walker, C.-D. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.09.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Effects of Rumination and Distraction Tasks on Psychophysiological Responses and Mood in Dysphoric and Nondysphoric Individuals
Vickers, K., & Vogeltanz-Holm, N. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023970501448 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Automatic vigilance for task-related information: Perseverance after failure and inhibition after success
Rothermund, K. (2003) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03194392 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Endocrine, psychological and genital response to sexual arousal in men
Rowland, D. L., Heiman, J. R., Gladue, B. A., Hatch, J. P., Doering, C. H., & Weiler, S. J. (1987) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(87)90045-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effects of explicit and implicit perseverative cognition on cardiac recovery after cognitive stress
Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., de Beurs, D. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Loneliness, social support and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress
Nausheen, B., Gidron, Y., Gregg, A. P., Tissarchondou, H. S., & Peveler, R. (2007) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890601135434 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Inflated responsibility and the use of stop rules for catastrophic worrying
Startup, H. M., & Davey, G. C. L. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00245-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Delayed Blood Pressure Recovery After Psychological Stress Is Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Steptoe, A., Donald, A. E., O’Donnell, K., Marmot, M. G., & Deanfield, J. E. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000242792.93486.0d · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Personality and the structure of affective responses
Gilboa, E., & Revelle, W. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315806914-12 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Relationship of Worry to Immune Sequelae of the Northridge Earthquake
Segerstrom, S., Solomon, G., Kemeny, M., & Fahey, J. (1998) · Journal of behavioral medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1018732309353 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Modern health worries in medical students
Kaptein, A. A., Helder, D. I., Kleijn, W. C., Rief, W., Moss-Morris, R. E., & Petrie, K. J. (2005) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.12.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Worry Affects the Immune Response to Phobic Fear
Segerstrom, S. C., Glover, D. A., Craske, M. G., & Fahey, J. L. (1999) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1006/brbi.1998.0544 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Emotion control, stress, and health
Lok, C.-F., & Bishop, G. D. (1999) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449908407349 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Acute autonomic effects of experimental worry and cognitive problem solving: Why worry about worry?
Verkuil, B., BROSSCHOT, J. F., Borkovec, T. D., & Thayer, J. F. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Mood‐as‐Input Account of Perseverative Worrying
Davey, G. C. L. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713143.ch13 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A sensitive body or a sensitive mind? Associations among somatic sensitization, cognitive sensitization, health worry, and subjective health complaints
Verkuil, B., BROSSCHOT, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.08.010 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Experimental effects of rumination styles on salivary cortisol responses
Denson, T. F., Fabiansson, E. C., Creswell, J. D., & Pedersen, W. C. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9114-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cardiovascular activity during laboratory tasks in women with high and low worry
Knepp, M. M., & Friedman, B. H. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.07.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychophysiological correlates of chronic worry: Cued versus non-cued fear reaction
Delgado, L. C., Guerra, P. M., Perakakis, P., Mata, J. L., Pérez‐Marfil, M. N., & Vila, J. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.10.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The effects of gender, long-term need for recovery and trait inhibition-rumination on morning and evening saliva cortisol secretion
Rydstedt, L. W., Cropley, M., Devereux, J. J., & Michalianou, G. (2009) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802596378 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fearful and Sexual Pictures Not Consciously Seen Modulate the Startle Reflex in Human Beings
Ruiz‐Padial, E., & Vila, J. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.046 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effects of worry and progressive relaxation on the reduction of fear in speech phobia: An investigation of situational exposure
Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Borkovec, T. D. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80033-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Anger Cognitions and Cardiovascular Recovery Following Provocation
Suchday, S., Carter, M. M., Ewart, C. K., Larkin, K. T., & Desiderato, O. L. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/b:jobm.0000042408.80551.e1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Worry and heart rate variables: autonomic rigidity under challenge
Davis, M., Montgomery, I., & Wilson, G. V. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00132-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The tendency to suppress, inhibiting thoughts, and dream rebound
Taylor, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Postponing worrisome thoughts in children: the effects of a postponement intervention on perseverative thoughts, emotions and somatic complaints.
Jellesma, F., Verkuil, B., & Brosschot, J. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.031 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mowrer's revised two-factor theory and the motive-expectancy-value model.
Feather, N. T. (1963) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043736 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pain Catastrophizing and Symptom Severity During Upper Respiratory Tract Illness
Devoulyte, K., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2003) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200303000-00008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effect of mood during daily life on autonomic nervous activity balance during subsequent sleep
Yoshino, K., & Matsuoka, K. (2009) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2009.03.013 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Heart Rate and Skin Conductance as Measures of Worrying
Dua, J. K., & King, D. A. (1987) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s0813483900008378 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Goal Commitment to Finding a Partner and Satisfaction with Life among Female Singles
Gebhardt, W. A., van der Doef, M., Massey, E. K., Verhoeven, C., & Verkuil, B. (2010) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309346212 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Psychological distress in recurrent miscarriage: The role of prospective thinking and role and goal investment
Magee, P. L., MacLeod, A. K., Tata, P. R., & Regan, L. (2003) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/0264683021000060066 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Prolonged autonomic activation, perseverative negative cognition, and daily stressors
BROSSCHOT, J. F., van Dijk, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2002) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00615-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

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Physiological concomitants of perseverative cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ottaviani, C., Thayer, J. F., Verkuil, B., Lonigro, A., Medea, B., Couyoumdjian, A., & Brosschot, J. F. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000036 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany
Petzold, M., Bendau, A., Plag, J., Pyrkosch, L., Maričić, L. M., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., Große, J., & Ströhle, A. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1745 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Resting heart rate variability predicts self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation: a focus on different facets of emotion regulation
Williams, D. P., Cash, C. S. E., Rankin, C., Bernardi, A., Koenig, J., & Thayer, J. F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00261 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Workplace bullying and mental health: a meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data
Verkuil, B., Atasayi, S., & Molendijk, M. L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135225 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Generalized unsafety theory of stress: unsafe environments and conditions, and the default stress response
Brosschot, J., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15030464 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rumination predicts heightened responding to stressful life events in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
Ruscio, A. M., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., Hallion, L. S., Coleman, E. S., & Swendsen, J. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000025 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“For example, theorists have suggested that rumination prolongs the impact of a stressor by keeping the stressor “alive”—and the individual activated—even after the stressor has ended (Brosschot et al., 2006; Verkuil et al., 2010).”
Background
Sources of stress and worry in the development of stress-related mental health problems: A longitudinal investigation from early- to mid-adolescence
Anniko, M. K., Boersma, K., & Tillfors, M. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1549657 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity
Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Assessing the relationship between rumination and cortisol: a review
Zoccola, P. M., & Dickerson, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.03.007 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Flexibility as the key for somatic health: From mind wandering to perseverative cognition
Ottaviani, C., Shapiro, D., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.003 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Cognitive, behavioral, and autonomic correlates of mind wandering and perseverative cognition in major depression
Ottaviani, C., Shahabi, L., Tarvainen, M., Cook, I., Abrams, M., & Shapiro, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00433 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Extended work availability and its relation with start-of-day mood and cortisol.
Dettmers, J., Vahle‐Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039602 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned fear extinction in humans.
Burger, A., Verkuil, B., Diest, I. V., van der Does, W., Thayer, J., & Brosschot, J. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.05.007 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Brain-heart interaction in perseverative cognition
Ottaviani, C. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13082 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
From psychological moments to mortality: a multidisciplinary synthesis on heart rate variability spanning the continuum of time
Kemp, A. H., Koenig, J., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.006 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cognitive flexibility, heart rate variability, and resilience predict fine‐grained regulation of arousal during prolonged threat
Hildebrandt, L. K., McCall, C., Engen, H. G., & Singer, T. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12632 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Perseverative Cognition and Health Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Clancy, F., Prestwich, A., Caperon, L., & O'Connor, D. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00534 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“As the PCH aimed to model how stress-related thinking may impact on health outcomes in otherwise healthy populations, the aim here was also to review studies involving physically and mentally healthy participants.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Rumination for innovation? Analysing the longitudinal effects of work-related rumination on creativity at work and off-job recovery
Vahle‐Hinz, T., Mauno, S., de Bloom, J., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2017) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1303761 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Pros and cons of a wandering mind: a prospective study
Ottaviani, C., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00524 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Worry is associated with robust reductions in heart rate variability: a transdiagnostic study of anxiety psychopathology
Chalmers, J. A., Heathers, J. A. J., Abbott, M. J., Kemp, A. H., & Quintana, D. S. (2016) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0138-z · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Identifying long-term patterns of work-related rumination: associations with job demands and well-being outcomes
Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Sianoja, M., de Bloom, J., Korpela, K., & Geurts, S. (2017) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2017.1314265 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for People with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Still Experiencing Excessive Fatigue after Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: A Pilot Randomized Study
Rimes, K. A., & Wingrove, J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.793 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables
Karunamuni, N. D., Imayama, I., & Goonetilleke, D. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112846 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The role of anxiety in the development, maintenance, and treatment of childhood aggression
Granic, I. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001175 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Effects of work stress on work-related rumination, restful sleep, and nocturnal heart rate variability experienced on workdays and weekends.
Vahle‐Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Dettmers, J., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036009 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Metacognition, Hardiness, and Grit as Resilience Factors in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Operations: A Simulation Study
Matthews, G., Panganiban, A. R., Wells, A., Wohleber, R. W., & Reinerman-Jones, L. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00640 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cognitive rigidity is mirrored by autonomic inflexibility in daily life perseverative cognition
Ottaviani, C., Medea, B., Lonigro, A., Tarvainen, M. P., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.02.011 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Association between Work-Related Rumination and Heart Rate Variability: A Field Study
Cropley, M., Plans, D., Morelli, D., Sütterlin, S., Inceoglu, I., Thomas, G., & Chu, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00027 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Individuals with tension and migraine headaches exhibit increased heart rate variability during post-stress mindfulness meditation practice but a decrease during a post-stress control condition – A randomized, controlled experiment
Azam, M. A., Katz, J. D., Mohabir, V., & Ritvo, P. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.011 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mindfulness Meditation Targets Transdiagnostic Symptoms Implicated in Stress-Related Disorders: Understanding Relationships between Changes in Mindfulness, Sleep Quality, and Physical Symptoms
Greeson, J. M., Zarrin, H., Smoski, M. J., Brantley, J. G., Lynch, T. R., Webber, D. M., Hall, M. H., Suarez, E. C., & Wolever, R. Q. (2018) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2018/4505191 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“, cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune/inflammatory systems) that ultimately progresses to stress-related chronic disease [13, 14].”
Background
A review and novel theoretical model of how negative emotions influence inflammation: The critical role of emotion regulation
Renna, M. E. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100397 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Linking boundary crossing from work to nonwork to work-related rumination across time: A variable- and person-oriented approach.
Kinnunen, U. M., Feldt, T., de Bloom, J., Sianoja, M., Korpela, K., & Geurts, S. A. E. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000037 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Resting Heart Rate Variability, Facets of Rumination and Trait Anxiety: Implications for the Perseverative Cognition Hypothesis
Williams, D. P., Feeling, N. R., Hill, L. K., Spangler, D. P., Koenig, J., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00520 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Does Unconscious Stress Play a Role in Prolonged Cardiovascular Stress Recovery?
BROSSCHOT, J. F., Geurts, S. A. E., Kruizinga, I., Radstaak, M., Verkuil, B., Quirin, M., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2014) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2590 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effects of visual exposure to wood on human affective states, physiological arousal and cognitive performance: A systematic review of randomized trials
Lipovac, D., & Burnard, M. (2020) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x20927437 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effects of COVID-19-related worry and rumination on mental health and loneliness during the pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 mental health & wellbeing study
O'Connor, D. B., Wilding, S., Ferguson, E., Cleare, S., Wetherall, K., McClelland, H., Melson, A. J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., O’Carroll, R. E., Platt, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2069716 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
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Perseverative Cognition, Psychopathology, and Somatic Health
Verkuil, B., BROSSCHOT, J. F., Gebhardt, W. A., & Thayer, J. F. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Perseverative cognition : the impact of worry on health
Verkuil, B. (2010) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University)
Effects of momentary assessed stressful events and worry episodes on somatic health complaints
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Can't Get You Out of My Head: Brain-Body Interactions in Perseverative Cognition
BROSSCHOT, J. F., Critchley, H., Verkuil, B., Ottaviani, C., & Thayer, J. F. (2018) · Directory of Open access Books (OAPEN Foundation)

Authors: Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., Gebhardt, W. A., & Thayer, J. F.
Affiliations: Leiden University (NL)
The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Verkuil, Bart
Brosschot, Jos F.
Gebhardt, Winifred A.
Thayer, Julian F.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychopathology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2010-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
ISSN: 2043-8087 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.5127/jep.009110
OpenAlex: W2070911503
Cited by: 155
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 3.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Keywords: perseverative cognition, worry, rumination, physical health, chronic worry, self-regulation, threat detection, goal commitment, unconscious cognition

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When worries make you sick: a review of perseverative cognition: the default stress response and somatic health

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