Cited by 145Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesBehavioral and Psychological Studies

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Diet and ADHD, Reviewing the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses of Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials Evaluating the Efficacy of Diet Interventions on the Behavior of Children with ADHD

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Pelsser, Lidy M., Frankena, Klaas, Toorman, Jan, Rodrigues Pereira, Rob·2017·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0169277PMC PMC5266211

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a debilitating mental health problem hampering the child's development. The underlying causes include both genetic and environmental factors and may differ between individuals. The efficacy of diet treatments in ADHD was recently evaluated in three reviews, reporting divergent and confusing conclusions based on heterogeneous studies and subjects. To address this inconsistency we conducted a systematic review of meta-analyses of double-blind placebo-controlled trials evaluating the effect of diet interventions (elimination and supplementation) on ADHD. METHODS: Our literature search resulted in 14 meta-analyses, six of which confined to double-blind placebo-controlled trials applying homogeneous diet interventions, i.e. artificial food color (AFC) elimination, a few-foods diet (FFD) and poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. Effect sizes (ES) and Confidence intervals (CI) of study outcomes were depicted in a forest plot. I2 was calculated to assess heterogeneity if necessary and additional random effects subgroup meta-regression was conducted if substantial heterogeneity was present. RESULTS: The AFC ESs were 0.44 (95% CI: 0.16-0.72, I2 = 11%) and 0.21 (95% CI: -0.02-0.43, I2 = 68%) [parent ratings], 0.08 (95% CI: -0.07-0.24, I2 = 0%) [teacher ratings] and 0.11 (95% CI: -0.13-0.34, I2 = 12%) [observer ratings]. The FFD ESs were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.41-1.19, I2 = 61%) [parent ratings] and 0.51 (95% CI: -0.02-1.04, I2 = 72%) [other ratings], while the PUFA ESs were 0.17 (95% CI: -0.03-0.38, I2 = 38%) [parent ratings], -0.05 (95% CI: -0.27-0.18, I2 = 0%) [teacher ratings] and 0.16 (95% CI: 0.01-0.31, I2 = 0%) [parent and teacher ratings]. Three meta-analyses (two FFD and one AFC) resulted in high I2 without presenting subgroup results. The FFD meta-analyses provided sufficient data to perform subgroup analyses on intervention type, resulting in a decrease of heterogeneity to 0% (diet design) and 37.8% (challenge design). CONCLUSION: Considering the small average ESs PUFA supplementation is unlikely to provide a tangible contribution to ADHD treatment, while further research is required for AFC elimination before advising this intervention as ADHD treatment. The average FFD ES is substantial, offering treatment opportunities in subgroups of children with ADHD not responding to or too young for medication. Further FFD research should focus on establishing the underlying mechanisms of food (e.g. incrimination of gut microbiota) to simplify the FFD approach in children with ADHD.

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Fig 1 PRISMA* Flow diagram for the meta-analyses systematically reviewed. * PRISMA = Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (www.prisma-statement.org).CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 2 Characteristics and outcomes of the six diet meta-analyses included in this systematic review. All meta-analyses included DBPC trials only, conducted in children meeting the criteria of ADHD.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 3 Recalculation and sub-analysis of Benton’s FFD meta-analysis [50] (3A and 3B) based on the data derived from the original articles. Forest plot of FFD effects and homogeneity statistics.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 4 Recalculation and sub-analysis of Sonuga-Barke et al.’s FFD meta-analysis [24] (4A and 4B) based on the data derived from the original articles. Forest plot of FFD effects and homogeneity statistics.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 5 Risk of bias graphs: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item. (A) Bias presented for each individual study. (B) Bias presented as percentages across all included studies.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Pelsser, L. M., Frankena, K., Toorman, J., & Rodrigues Pereira, R.
Affiliations: Wageningen University & Research (NL)
Catharina Ziekenhuis (NL)
Corresponding author: Pelsser, Lidy M.
ORCID: Pelsser, Lidy M.
Frankena, Klaas
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2017-01-25
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: e0169277
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169277
PMC: PMC5266211
OpenAlex: W2581553063
Cited by: 145
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 1.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dietary intervention, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, n-6/n-3 ratio, child behavior, parent ratings, teacher ratings, effect size heterogeneity
MeSH terms: Problem Behavior, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome

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Diet and ADHD, Reviewing the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses of Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials Evaluating the Efficacy of Diet Interventions on the Behavior of Children with ADHD

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