A systematic review of the relationship between internet use, self-harm and suicidal behaviour in young people: The good, the bad and the unknown
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Research exploring internet use and self-harm is rapidly expanding amidst concerns regarding influences of on-line activities on self-harm and suicide, especially in young people. We aimed to systematically review evidence regarding the potential influence of the internet on self-harm/suicidal behaviour in young people. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review based on an electronic search for articles published between 01/01/2011 and 26/01/2015 across databases including Medline, Cochrane and PsychInfo. Articles were included if: the study examined internet use by individuals who engaged in self-harm/ suicidal behaviour, or internet use clearly related to self-harm content; reported primary empirical data; participants were aged under 25 years. New studies were combined with those identified in a previous review and subject to data extraction, quality rating and narrative synthesis. RESULTS: Forty-six independent studies (51 articles) of varying quality were included. Perceived influences were: positive for 11 studies (38191 participants); negative for 18 studies (119524 participants); and mixed for 17 studies (35235 participants). In contrast to previous reviews on this topic studies focused on a wide range of internet mediums: general internet use; internet addiction; online intervention/treatment; social media; dedicated self-harm websites; forums; video/image sharing and blogs. A relationship between internet use and self-harm/suicidal behaviour was particularly associated with internet addiction, high levels of internet use, and websites with self-harm or suicide content. While there are negative aspects of internet use the potential for isolation reduction, outreach and as a source of help and therapy were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant potential for harm from online behaviour (normalisation, triggering, competition, contagion) but also the potential to exploit its benefits (crisis support, reduction of social isolation, delivery of therapy, outreach). Young people appear to be increasingly using social media to communicate distress, particularly to peers. The focus should now be on how specific mediums' (social media, video/image sharing) might be used in therapy and recovery. Clinicians working with young people who self-harm or have mental health issues should engage in discussion about internet use. This should be a standard item during assessment. A protocol for this review was registered with the PROSPERO systematic review protocol registry: (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015019518).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Up to 25% of studies in a review suggested positive aspects of social media/internet use, with youth with a history of suicidal behavior using the internet for support and community.
“In an additional review, up to 25% of studies suggested positive aspects of social/media internet use, revealing youth with a history of suicidal behavior used the internet as a form of support and sense of community to seek help and connect with others.33”
From Evidence-based youth suicide prevention and intervention in pediatric primary care settings. (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048 · see citing works
Qualitative methods for health research
Green, J., & Thorogood, N. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-0901 · Cited by 4,607 · see citing works
Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog?
Barbour, R. S. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1115 · Cited by 2,613 · see citing works
Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N., Roen, K., & Duffy, S. (2006) · Lancaster University · doi:10.13140/2.1.1018.4643 · Cited by 2,070 · see citing works
Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review
Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M.-Y., Yeun, E.-J., Choi, S.-Y., Seo, J.-S., & Nam, B.-W. (2006) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in sytematic reviews
Popay, J., Roberts, H. M., Sowden, A. J., Petticrew, M. P., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., & Britten, N. (2006) · Cited by 690 · see citing works
The virtual cutting edge: The Internet and adolescent self-injury.
Whitlock, J. L., Powers, J. L., & Eckenrode, J. J. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.407 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Daine, K., Hawton, K. E., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077555 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationKaess, M., Durkee, T., Brunner, R., Carli, V., Parzer, P., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C., Apter, A., Balazs, J., et al. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0562-7 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Dunlop, S. M., More, E., & Römer, D. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02416.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Park, S., Hong, K.-E. M., Park, E. J., Ha, K., & Yoo, H. J. (2012) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867412463613 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Chiesa, F., Guffanti, G., Sarchiapone, M., Apter, A., Balázs, J., Brunner, R. M., Corcoran, P. E., et al. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20088 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Social Media Use to Discuss and View Deliberate Self-Harm Acts
Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P. D., Scott, S. D., & Newton, A. S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155813 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The Scope of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury on YouTube
Lewis, S. P., Heath, N. L., St Denis, J. M., & Noble, R. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2317 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Messias, E., Castro, J., Saini, A., Usman, M., & Peeples, D. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00030.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Internet Pathways in Suicidality: A Review of the Evidence
Durkee, T., Hadlaczky, G., Westerlund, M., & Carli, V. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8103938 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Non-suicidal self-injury, youth, and the Internet: What mental health professionals need to know
Lewis, S. P., Heath, N. L., Michal, N. J., & Duggan, J. M. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-13 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Ebert, D. D., Donkin, L., Andersson, G., Andrews, G., Berger, T., Carlbring, P., Rozenthal, A., Choi, I., Laferton, J. A. C., Johansson, R., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001562 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The association between suicidality and Internet addiction and activities in Taiwanese adolescents
Lin, I.-H., Ko, C.-H., Chang, Y.-P., Liu, T.-L., Wang, P.-W., Lin, H.-C., Huang, M.-F., Yeh, Y.-C., Chou, W.-J., & Yen, C.-F. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.11.012 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Sueki, H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.047 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Understanding Self-Harm and Suicide Websites
Baker, D., & Fortune, S. A. (2008) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.29.3.118 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Lewis, S. P., Heath, N. L., Sornberger, M. J., & Arbuthnott, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.013 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The association between internet addiction and self-injurious behaviour among adolescents
Lam, L. T.-M., Peng, Z., Mai, J., & Jing, J. (2009) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.021949 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Adolescent self-harm: A school-based study in Northern Ireland
O׳Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.015 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationOnline behavior of youth who engage in self-harm provides clues for preventive intervention
Mitchell, K. J., & Ybarra, M. L. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.05.008 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Possible Risks of Self-Injury Web Sites: A Content Analysis
Lewis, S. P., & Baker, T. G. (2011) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2011.616154 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Problem presentation and responses on an online forum for young people who self-harm
Smithson, J., Sharkey, S., Hewis, E., Jones, R., Emmens, T., Ford, T., & Owens, C. (2011) · Discourse Studies · doi:10.1177/1461445611403356 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Adolescent Suicide Statements on MySpace
Cash, S. J., Thelwall, M. A., Peck, S. N., Ferrell, J. Z., & Bridge, J. A. (2013) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0098 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Internet suicide searches and the incidence of suicide in young people in Japan
Hagihara, A., Miyazaki, S., & Abe, T. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0212-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Internet Message Boards for Suicidal People: A Typology of Users
Eichenberg, C. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9924 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Queer youth suicide and the psychopolitics of “It Gets Better”
Grzanka, P. R., & Mann, E. S. (2014) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460713516785 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Does activity level in online support groups for distressed adolescents determine emotional relief
Barak, A., & Dolev-Cohen, M. (2006) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140600848203 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
(2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Responses to Online Photographs of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Thematic Analysis
Baker, T. G., & Lewis, S. P. (2013) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.805642 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Biddle, L., Derges, J., Mars, B., Heron, J., Donovan, J. L., Potokar, J., Piper, M., Wyllie, C., & Gunnell, D. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.028 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
An adolescent suicide cluster and the possible role of electronic communication technology
Robertson, L., Skegg, K., Poore, M., Williams, S., & Taylor, B. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000140 · Cited by 78 · cited 4× · see citing works
“High profile cases of cyber-bullying and suicide over the past decade [2] and reports of suicide clusters facilitated by social media [3] have resulted in researchers increasingly focusing efforts on understanding the relationship between internet use and both self-harm and suicide.”
InfluentialMcDermott, E. (2014) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459314557967 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hard-to-Reach Youth Online: Methodological Advances in Self-Harm Research
McDermott, E., Roen, K., & Piela, A. (2013) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-012-0108-z · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Media use and health outcomes in adolescents: findings from a nationally representative survey.
Casiano, H., Kinley, J., Katz, L. Y., Chartier, M., & Sareen, J. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Online discussion forums for young people who self-harm: user views
Jones, R. B., Sharkey, S. S., Ford, T. J., Emmens, T., Hewis, E., Smithson, J., Sheaves, B., & Owens, C. V. (2011) · The Psychiatrist · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.110.033449 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Duggan, J. M., Heath, N. L., Lewis, S. P., & Baxter, A. L. (2011) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-011-9065-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Whitlock, J. L., Pietrusza, C., & Purington, A. (2013) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.748405 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Membership and Boundary Maintenance on an Online Self-Harm Forum
Smithson, J., Sharkey, S. S., Hewis, E., Jones, R. B., Emmens, T., Ford, T. J., & Owens, C. V. (2011) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732311413784 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Electronic media use and suicidal ideation in Japanese adolescents
Katsumata, Y., Matsumoto, T., Kitani, M., & Takeshima, T. (2008) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01880.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Exploring the Use and Effects of Deliberate Self-Harm Websites: An Internet-Based Study
Harris, I. M., & Roberts, L. M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2802 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Victimization and Exposure to Pro‐Self‐Harm and Pro‐Suicide Websites: A Cross‐National Study
Minkkinen, J., Oksanen, A., Kaakinen, M., Keipi, T., & Räsänen, P. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12258 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kim, J. Y. (2012) · Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.37 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Messina, E. S., & Iwasaki, Y. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0025 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The beauty of blood? Self-injury and ambivalence in an Internet community
Franzén, A., & Gottzén, L. (2010) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2010.533755 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Owens, C. V., Sharkey, S. S., Smithson, J., Hewis, E., Emmens, T., Ford, T. J., & Jones, R. B. (2012) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Suicide Bulletin Board Systems Comparison Between Japan and Germany
Sueki, H., & Eichenberg, C. (2012) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.584012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Photographs of self-injury: production and reception in a group of self-injurers
Sternudd, H. T. (2012) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2012.663894 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Aktepe, E., Dündar, N. O., Soyöz, Ö., & Sönmez, Y. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Westerlund, M. (2013) · Nordicom review/NORDICOM review · doi:10.2478/nor-2013-0052 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Exploring e-Mental Health Preferences of Generation Y
Mar, M. Y., Neilson, E. K., Torchalla, I., Werker, G. R., Laing, A., & Krausz, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2014.943457 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Representation of Self Injury and Suicide on Emo Social Networking Groups
Zdanow, C., & Wright, B. M. T. (2012) · Pure (Coventry University) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Belfort, E. L., Mezzacappa, E., & Ginnis, K. B. (2012) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/2210676611202030258 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Legal Bans on Pro‐Suicide Web Sites: An Early Retrospective from Australia
Pirkis, J., Neal, L., Dare, A., Blood, R. W., & Studdert, D. M. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.2.190 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mok, K., Jorm, A. F., & Pirkis, J. (2016) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207616629862 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Thoughts and acts of self-harm, and suicidal ideation, in online gamblers
Lloyd, J., Hawton, K. E., Dutton, W. H., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Rogers, R. D. (2016) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2016.1214166 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationInformation-Seeking on the Internet
Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Adams, J., Simkin, S., & Hawton, K. E. (2015) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000307 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationPozza, A., Andersson, G., Antonelli, P., & Dèttore, D. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1017/s1754470x1400021x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hetrick, S. E., Yuen, H. P., Cox, G., Bendall, S., Yung, A. R., Pirkis, J., & Robinson, J. (2014) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x14000129 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hetrick, S. E., Dellosa, M. K., Simmons, M. B., & Phillips, L. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12127 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Supportive interchanges and face-work as ‘protective talk’ in an online self-harm support forum
Sharkey, S. S., Smithson, J., Hewis, E., Jones, R. B., Emmens, T., Ford, T. J., & Owens, C. V. (2013) · Communication & Medicine · doi:10.1558/cam.v9i1.71 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Peer Response to Messages of Distress
Barton, A. L., Hirsch, J. K., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000169 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Using Digital and Social Media Metrics to Develop Mental Health Approaches for Youth
Carew, C., Kutcher, S., Wei, Y., & McLuckie, A. (2014) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/221067660402140709122825 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Media influences on suicidal behaviour: An interview study of young people in New Zealand
Collings, S., Fortune, S. A., Steers, D., Currey, N., Hawton, K. E., Wang, J., & Slim, B. M. M. (2011) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicide and the Internet: the case of Amanda Todd.
Lester, D., McSwain, S., & Gunn, J. F. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“I love my bones!”1 – self-harm and dangerous eating youth behaviours in Portuguese written blogs
Castro, T. S., & Osório, A. J. (2013) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-03-2013-00351 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Online violence: Not beautiful enough… not thin enough. Anorectic testimonials in the web
Castro, T. S., & Osório, A. J. (2012) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Padmanathan, P., Carroll, R., Biddle, L., Derges, J., Potokar, J. P., & Gunnell, D. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32238-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 74 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [12]Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A future for the world's children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission
Clark, H., Coll-Seck, A. M., Banerjee, A., Peterson, S., Dalglish, S. L., Ameratunga, S., Balabanova, D., Bhan, M. K., Bhutta, Z. A., Borrazzo, J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32540-1 · Cited by 1,105 · see citing works
Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health
Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.190434 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Social media use and risky behaviors in adolescents: A meta-analysis
Vannucci, A., Simpson, E. G., Gagnon, S., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.014 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Manifesto for a European research network into Problematic Usage of the Internet
Fineberg, N., Demetrovics, Z., Stein, D., Ioannidis, K., Potenza, M., Grünblatt, E., Brand, M., Billieux, J., Carmi, L., King, D., et al. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.004 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Social media use and mental health and well-being among adolescents: a scoping review
Schønning, V., Hjetland, G. J., Aarø, L. E., & Skogen, J. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01949 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Social media, internet use and suicide attempts in adolescents
Sedgwick, R., Epstein, S., Dutta, R., & Ougrin, D. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000547 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Fineberg, N. A., Menchón, J. M., Hall, N., Dell’Osso, B. M., Brand, M., Potenza, M. N., Chamberlain, S. R., Cirnigliaro, G., Löchner, C., Billieux, J., et al. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152346 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Beyond Screen Time: Identity Development in the Digital Age
Granic, I., Morita, H., & Scholten, H. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1820214 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“…of recently published reviews and meta-analyses (e.g. Dickson et al., 2019; Elhai, Dvorak, Levine, & Hall, 2017; Hilgard, Engelhardt, & Rouder, 2017; Marchant et al., 2017; Marino, Gini, Vieno, & Spada, 2018; Mathur & VanderWeele, 2019; Prescott, Sargent, & Hull, 2018; Whitlock & Masur, 2019).”
Adolescent mental health in crisis
Gunnell, D., Kidger, J., & Elvidge, H. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2608 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Griffin, E., McMahon, E. M., McNicholas, F., Corcoran, P. E., Perry, I. J., & Arensman, E. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1522-1 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
A machine learning approach predicts future risk to suicidal ideation from social media data
Roy, A., Nikolitch, K., McGinn, R., Jinah, S., Klement, W., & Kaminsky, Z. A. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0287-6 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Van Meter, A. R., Knowles, E. A., & Mintz, E. H. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.867 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: a review
Cataldo, I., Lepri, B., Neoh, M. J. Y., & Esposito, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.508595 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Nesi, J., Burke, T. A., Bettis, A. H., Kudinova, A. Y., Thompson, E. C., MacPherson, H. A., Fox, K. A., Lawrence, H. R., Thomas, S. A., Wolff, J. C., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102038 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Relationship between internet addiction and depression among Japanese university students
Seki, T., Hamazaki, K., Natori, T., & Inadera, H. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.055 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Clustering of suicides in children and adolescents
Hawton, K., Hill, N. T. M., Gould, M., John, A., Lascelles, K., & Robinson, J. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30335-9 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Connor, R. C., & Portzky, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02139 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Youth Internet Safety Education: Aligning Programs With the Evidence Base
David Finkelhor, B., Walsh, K., Jones, L. M., Mitchell, K. J., & Collier, A. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020916257 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention
Hughes, J. L., Horowitz, L. M., Ackerman, J. P., Adrian, M. C., Campo, J. V., & Bridge, J. A. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070630 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Association of Internet Addiction With Nonsuicidal Self-injury Among Adolescents in China
Tang, J., Ma, Y., Lewis, S. P., Chen, R., Clifford, A., Ammerman, B. A., Gazimbi, M. M., Byrne, A., Wu, Y., Lu, X., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6863 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Shen, Y., Meng, F., Xu, H., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, C., Luo, X., & Zhang, X. Y. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23036 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Serrano, B. G., Spiers, A. D. V., Ruotong, L., Gangadia, S., Toledano, M. B., & Simplicio, M. C. D. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02012-8 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Smith‐Merry, J., Goggin, G. M., Campbell, A., McKenzie, K., Ridout, B., & Baylosis, C. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11084 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Lancet Commission on self-harm
Moran, P., Chandler, A., Dudgeon, P., Kirtley, O. J., Knipe, D. W., Pirkis, J., Sinyor, M., Allister, R., Ansloos, J. P., Ball, M. A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01121-8 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationArrivillaga, C., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106375 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Gilbey, D., Morgan, H., Lin, A., & Perry, Y. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20158 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Evidence suggests that the internet (including social media and online communities in particular) can be harmful in this population (as well as young people more broadly) [31] due to the potential for toxic interactions and exposure to distressing content [48], such as the normalization of self-harm and suicidal behav…”
BackgroundLópez-Fernández, O., & Kuss, D. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113797 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Link between excessive social media use and psychiatric disorders
Zubair, U., Khan, M. K., & Albashari, M. S. G. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000112 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Deliberate Self-Harm Among Youth: A Systematized Narrative Review
Biernesser, C., Sewall, C. J. R., Brent, D., Bear, T., Mair, C., & Trauth, J. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105054 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Lifestyle Interventions and Prevention of Suicide
Berardelli, I., Corigliano, V., Hawkins, M., Comparelli, A., Erbuto, D., & Pompili, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00567 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zeeni, N., Doumit, R., Kharma, J. A., & Sánchez‐Ruiz, M. (2018) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12298 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Xu, D.-D., Lok, K.-I., Liu, H., Cao, X.-L., An, F., Hall, B. J., Ungvari, G. S., Lei, S., & Xiang, Y. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73023-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Media reporting of suicide and adherence to media guidelines
McTernan, N., Spillane, A., Cully, G., Cusack, E., O'Reilly, T., & Arensman, E. (2018) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764018784624 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Social Media and Suicide: A Review of Technology-Based Epidemiology and Risk Assessment
Pourmand, A., Roberson, J. L., Caggiula, A., Monsalve, N., Rahimi, M., & Torres-Llenza, V. (2018) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2018.0203 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mining social networks to improve suicide prevention: A scoping review
López‐Castromán, J., Moulahi, B., Azé, J., Bringay, S., Deninotti, J., Guillaume, S., & Baca‐García, E. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24404 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Suicide in Northern Ireland: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention
O'Neill, S., & O'Connor, R. C. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30525-5 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Social media use of adolescents who died by suicide: Lessons from a psychological autopsy study
Balt, E., Mérelle, S., Robinson, J., Popma, A., Creemers, D., van den Brand, I., van Bergen, D., Rasing, S., Mulder, W., & Gilissen, R. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00597-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Association Between Internet Addiction and Adolescents’ Mental Health: A Meta-Analytic Review
Soriano-Molina, E., Gras, R. M. L., Patró-Hernández, R. M., & Rubio‐Aparicio, M. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020116 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Clinicians Working with Adolescents in the Digital Age
Sussman, N., & DeJong, S. M. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0974-z · Cited by 64 · see citing works
de la Torre, J. A., Puigdomènech, E., García, X. G., Valderas, J. M., Eiroá‐Orosa, F. J., Fernández‐Villa, T., Molina, A. J., Martín, V., Serrano‐Blanco, A., Alonso, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16388 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Zhong, B., Jiang, Z., Xie, W., & Qin, X. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23696 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Hadar‐Shoval, D., Asraf, K., Mizrachi, Y., Haber, Y., & Elyoseph, Z. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/55988 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Susi, K., Glover‐Ford, F., Stewart, A., Knowles Bevis, R., & Hawton, K. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13754 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting acute suicidal ideation on Instagram using ensemble machine learning models
Lekkas, D., Klein, R. J., & Jacobson, N. C. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100424 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bailey, E., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Robinson, J., D’Alfonso, S., Nedeljkovic, M., Davey, C. G., Bendall, S., Gilbertson, T., Phillips, J., Bloom, L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072435 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Does social media use confer suicide risk? A systematic review of the evidence
Macrynikola, N., Auad, E., Menjivar, J., & Miranda, R. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100094 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Gardner, W. P., PAJER, K. A., Cloutier, P., Zemek, R. L., Currie, L. M., Hatcher, S., Colman, I., Bell, D., Gray, C., Cappelli, M., et al. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719854070 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Huang, L., Zhang, J., Duan, W., & He, L. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01997-w · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Twigg, L., Duncan, C., & Weich, S. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Digital media use and subsequent self-harm during a 1-year follow-up of Chinese adolescents
Wang, L., Liu, X., Liu, Z., & Jia, C.-X. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.066 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Fatal Sodium Nitrite Poisoning: Key Considerations for Prehospital Providers
Neth, M. R., Love, J. S., Horowitz, B. Z., Shertz, M. D., Sahni, R., & Daya, M. R. (2020) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1838009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stijelja, S., & Mishara, B. L. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-10031-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Suicide and self-harm content on Instagram: A systematic scoping review
Picardo, J., McKenzie, S., Collings, S. C., & Jenkin, G. L. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238603 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Traditional and new media's influence on suicidal behavior and contagion
Ortiz, P., & Khin, E. K. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2338 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Wang, J., Hao, Q.-H., Tu, Y., Peng, W., Wang, Y., Li, H., & Zhu, T.-M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.809232 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Internet Addiction among Hungarian High School Students
Kapus, K., Nyulas, R., Nemeskéri, Z., Zádori, I., Muity, G., Kiss, J., Feher, A., Fejes, É., Tibold, A., & Fehér, G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136989 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Luo, Y., Shi, L., & Gong, J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.089 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Massing‐Schaffer, M., & Nesi, J. L. (2019) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-019-00116-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Patterns of Social Media Use Among Adolescents Who Are Psychiatrically Hospitalized
Nesi, J. L., Wolff, J. C., & Hunt, J. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.03.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Massing‐Schaffer, M., Nesi, J. L., Telzer, E. H., Lindquist, K. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1750019 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Peng, C., Wang, M., Cheng, J., Tan, Y., Huang, Y., Rong, F., Kang, C., Ding, H., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106949 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Brown, R. C., Bendig, E., Fischer, T., Goldwich, A. D., Baumeister, H., & Plener, P. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220623 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mérelle, S., Van Bergen, D., Looijmans, M., Balt, E., Rasing, S., van Domburgh, L., Nauta, M., Sijperda, O., Mulder, W., Gilissen, R., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238031 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Liu, X., Huang, J., Yu, N. X., Li, Q., & Zhu, T. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14940 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Marchant, A. L., Hawton, K. E., Burns, L. C., Stewart, A., & John, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18048 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAge, period, cohort trends of suicide in Japan and Korea (1986–2015): A tale of two countries
Kino, S., Jang, S., Gerő, K., Kato, S., & Kawachi, I. I. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112385 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Social Media and Suicide Risk in Youth
Jaycox, L. H., Murphy, E. R., Zehr, J. L., Pearson, J. L., & Avenevoli, S. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.41499 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dell’Osso, L., Bertelloni, C. A., Paolo, M. D., Avella, M. T., Carpita, B., Gori, F., Pompili, M., & Carmassi, C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071098 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Prospective associations between internet use and poor mental health: A population-based study
Mars, B., Gunnell, D., Biddle, L., Kidger, J., Moran, P., Winstone, L., & Heron, J. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235889 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Robinson, J., Thorn, P., McKay, S., Hemming, L., Battersby-Coulter, R., Cooper, C., Veresova, M., Li, A. Y. C., Reavley, N. J., Rice, S., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289494 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lusar, A. C., Díaz-Moreno, A., Bonilla, I., Cladellas, R., Griffiths, M. D., Gómez-Romero, M. J., & Limonero, J. T. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17860-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mészáros, G., Győri, D., Horváth, L. O., Szentiványi, D., & Balázs, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00814 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
McAllister, C., Hisler, G. C., Blake, A. B., Twenge, J. M., Farley, E., & Hamilton, J. L. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00832-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Suicídio e depressão na população LGBT: postagens publicadas em blogs pessoais
de Oliveira, E. T., & Vedana, K. G. G. (2020) · SMAD Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas (Edição em Português) · doi:10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2020.168145 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Park, I. Y., Speer, R., Whitfield, D. L., Kattari, L., Walls, N. E., & Christensen, C. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106536 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Lv, S., Li, C., Xiong, Y., Zhou, C., Li, X., & Ye, M. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-020-0309-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bailey, E., Mühlmann, C., Rice, S., Nedeljkovic, M., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Sander, L., Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., & Robinson, J. (2020) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-020-00479-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Diggins, E., Heuvelman, H., Pujades‐Rodríguez, M., House, A. O., Cottrell, D. J., & Brennan, C. A. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.106 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Radović, A., Gmelin, T. A., Hua, J., Long, C. E., Stein, B. D., & Miller, E. P. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9441 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bailey, E., Rice, S., Robinson, J., Nedeljkovic, M., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.028 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kim, H. H., & Chun, J. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Brennan, C. A., Saraiva, S., Mitchell, E., Melia, R., Campbell, L., King, N. V., & House, A. O. (2022) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-09-2021-0118 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
COVID-19 and adolescent mental health in India
Patra, S., & Patro, B. K. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30461-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The association between Twitter content and suicide
Sinyor, M., Williams, M., Zaheer, R., Loureiro, R., Pirkis, J., Heisel, M. J., Schaffer, A., Redelmeier, D. A., Cheung, A., & Niederkrotenthaler, T. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420969805 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Steeg, S., Carr, M., Mok, P. L. H., Pedersen, C. B., Antonsen, S., Ashcroft, D. M., Kapur, N., Erlangsen, A., Nordentoft, M., & Webb, R. T. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01794-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Adolescent technology engagement: It is more complicated than a lack of self‐control
Shapka, J. D. (2019) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.144 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Stänicke, L. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.543303 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fan, T., Twayigira, M., Song, L., Luo, X., Huang, C., Gao, X., & Shen, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1172109 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Thinking about suicidal thinking
House, A. O., Kapur, N., & Knipe, D. W. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30263-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fong, T. C. T., Cheng, Q., Pai, C. Y., Kwan, I., Wong, C. L. H., Cheung, S. H., & YIP, P. S. F. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115774 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Qian, R., Zhong, H., Li, Y., Liu, X., & Ma, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1033242 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Woolf, S. H. (2025) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2025-070849 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Xiong, A., Liao, S., Luo, B., Luo, S., Tong, Y., & Zhao, L. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107808 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kruzan, K. P., Whitlock, J. L., Bazarova, N. N., Bhandari, A., & Chapman, J. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/26526 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Malaeb, D. N., Dine, A. S. E., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03808-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Marchant, A. L., Hawton, K. E., Stewart, A., Montgomery, P., Singaravelu, V., Lloyd, K. R., Purdy, N. J., Daine, K., & John, A. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193937 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing the impact of Instagram use and deliberate self‐harm in adolescents: A scoping review
Moss, C., Wibberley, C., & Witham, G. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13055 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wright, B., Garside, M., Allgar, V. L., Hodkinson, R., & Thorpe, H. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104520925873 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Peng, C., Wang, M., Cheng, J., Tan, Y., Huang, Y., Rong, F., Kang, C., Ding, H., Wang, Y., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796021000524 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A nationwide study on time spent on social media and self-harm among adolescents
Tørmoen, A. J., Myhre, M. Ø., Kildahl, A. T., Walby, F. A., & Rossow, I. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46370-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Marchant, A., Hawton, K., Stewart, A., Montgomery, P., Singaravelu, V., Lloyd, K., Purdy, N., Daine, K., & John, A.
- Affiliations
- Swansea University (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- John, Ann
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-08-16
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0181722
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5558917
- OpenAlex
- W2748736658
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-03-01)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Health and Care Research Wales (SC-14-11)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- self-harm, suicidal behavior, internet use, youth, internet addiction, social media, online forums, blogs, online intervention, social isolation, suicide contagion, peer support, crisis support, online therapy, mental health assessment, online help-seeking, self-harm prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Registries, Suicide, Self-Injurious Behavior, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Young Adult, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
