Chronic pain patients can be classified into four groups: clustering-based discriminant analysis of psychometric data from 4665 patients referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre (a SQRP study)

Bäckryd, Emmanuel; Persson, Elisabeth B.; Larsson, Annelie Inghilesi; Fischer, Marcelo Rivano; Gerdle, Björn

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192623

Cited by 75Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Management and TreatmentPediatric Pain Management Techniques

Chronic pain patients can be classified into four groups: clustering-based discriminant analysis of psychometric data from 4665 patients referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre (a SQRP study)

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Bäckryd, Emmanuel, Persson, Elisabeth B., Larsson, Annelie Inghilesi, Fischer, Marcelo Rivano, Gerdle, Björn·2018·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0192623PMC PMC5805304

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To subgroup chronic pain patients using psychometric data and regress the variables most responsible for subgroup discrimination. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, registry-based study. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Chronic pain patients assessed at a multidisciplinary pain centre between 2008 and 2015. METHODS: Data from the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation (SQRP) were retrieved and analysed by principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Four subgroups were identified. Group 1 was characterized by low "psychological strain", the best relative situation concerning pain characteristics (intensity and spreading), the lowest frequency of fibromyalgia, as well as by a slightly older age. Group 2 was characterized by high "psychological strain" and by the most negative situation with respect to pain characteristics (intensity and spreading). Group 3 was characterized by high "social distress", the longest pain durations, and a statistically higher frequency of females. The frequency of three neuropathic pain conditions was generally lower in this group. Group 4 was characterized by high psychological strain, low "social distress", and high pain intensity. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of these four clusters of chronic pain patients could be useful for the development of personalized rehabilitation programs. For example, the identification of a subgroup characterized mainly by high perceived "social distress" raises the question of how to best design interventions for such patients. Differentiating between clinically important subgroups and comparing how these subgroups respond to interventions is arguably an important area for further research.

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All three bio-psycho-social components are important in chronic pain, and different constellations of these components form subgroups with different needs in pain treatment, indicating the need to design tailor-made interventions.
“Research confirms that all three components–bio-psycho-social–are important in chronic pain, but different constellations of these components form subgroups with different needs in pain treatment and indicate the need to design “tailor-made” interventions (Bäckryd et al., 2018).”
From The Development of Mindful-Based Dance Movement Therapy Intervention for Chronic Pain: A Pilot Study With Chronic Headache Patients (2021) · cites this paper as Bäckryd et al., 2018
The Introduction describes physical, psychological, and social influences on chronic pain, and the Discussion identifies four groups with different pain, psychological, and social characteristics. The Discussion also proposes personalized interventions, but explicitly calls the proposed treatments for particular groups “highly speculative”; it does not establish that the groups have different treatment needs. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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van Koulil, S., Kraaimaat, F., van Lankveld, W., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Donders, A. R. T., Thieme, K., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., et al. (2011) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20445 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chronic low back pain patient groups in primary care – A cross sectional cluster analysis
Viniol, A., Jegan, N. R. A., Hirsch, O., Leonhardt, C., Brugger, M., Strauch, K., Barth, J., Baum, E., & Becker, A. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-294 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy for fibromyalgia: Two case studies
van Koulil, S., van Lankveld, W., Kraaimaat, F., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.11.025 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Long-term functioning following whiplash injury: the role of social support and personality traits
Nijs, J., Inghelbrecht, E., Daenen, L., Hachimi-Idrissi, S., Hens, L., Willems, B., Roussel, N. A., Cras, P. P., & Bernheim, J. (2011) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-011-1712-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Patient-centered evaluation of outcomes from rehabilitation for chronic disabling spinal disorders: the impact of personal goal achievement on patient satisfaction
Hazard, R. G., Spratt, K. F., McDonough, C. M., Olson, C. M., Ossen, E. S., Hartmann, E. M., Carlson, R. J., & LaVoie, J. (2012) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2012.09.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Chronic pain and distress in older people: A cluster analysis
Hall‐Lord, M., Larsson, G., & Steen, B. C. (1999) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1046/j.1440-172x.1999.00157.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Impact of emotional distress and pain-related fear on patients with chronic pain: Subgroup analysis of patients referred to multimodal rehabilitation
Svanberg, M., Stålnacke, B., Enthoven, P., Brodda‐Jansen, G., Gerdle, B. U. C., & Boersma, K. (2017) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2212 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
‘A lifebuoy’ and ‘a waste of time’: patients’ varying experiences of multidisciplinary pain centre treatment- a qualitative study
Nøst, T. H., & Steinsbekk, A. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4876-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Relationships between Psychological Factors, Disability, Quality of Life and Health in Chronic Pain Disorders
Börsbo, B. (2008) · Cited by 4 · see citing works

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Who benefits from multimodal rehabilitation – an exploration of pain, psychological distress, and life impacts in over 35,000 chronic pain patients identified in the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation
Gerdle, B. U. C., Åkerblom, S., Jansen, G. B., Enthoven, P., Ernberg, M. M., Dong, H., Stålnacke, B., Äng, B. O., & Boersma, K. (2019) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s190003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citation
Moderate and Stable Pain Reductions as a Result of Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation—A Cohort Study from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)
Ringqvist, Å., Dragioti, E., Björk, M., Larsson, B., & Gerdle, B. U. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8060905 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
Phenotypic profile clustering pragmatically identifies diagnostically and mechanistically informative subgroups of chronic pain patients
Gaynor, S. M., Bortsov, A. V., Bair, E., Fillingim, R. B., Greenspan, J. D., Ohrbach, R. K., Diatchenko, L. B., Nackley, A. G., Tchivileva, I. E., Whitehead, W. E., et al. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002153 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hierarchical clustering by patient-reported pain distribution alone identifies distinct chronic pain subgroups differing by pain intensity, quality, and clinical outcomes
Alter, B. J., Anderson, N. P., Gillman, A. G., Yin, Q., Jeong, J., & Wasan, A. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254862 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pain Catastrophizing in Older Adults with Chronic Pain: The Mediator Effect of Mood Using a Path Analysis Approach
Dong, H., Gerdle, B. U. C., Bernfort, L., Levin, L., & Dragioti, E. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072073 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Classifying chronic pain using multidimensional pain-agnostic symptom assessments and clustering analysis
Gilam, G., Cramer, E. M., Weber, K., II, Ziadni, M. S., Kao, M. J., & Mackey, S. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj0320 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The importance of emotional distress, cognitive behavioural factors and pain for life impact at baseline and for outcomes after rehabilitation – a SQRP study of more than 20,000 chronic pain patients
Gerdle, B. U. C., Åkerblom, S., Stålnacke, B., Jansen, G. B., Enthoven, P., Ernberg, M. M., Dong, H., Äng, B. O., & Boersma, K. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2019-0016 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hepatocyte growth factor, colony-stimulating factor 1, CD40, and 11 other inflammation-related proteins are associated with pain in diabetic neuropathy: exploration and replication serum data from the Pain in Neuropathy Study
Bäckryd, E., Themistocleous, A. C., Larsson, A. O., Gordh, T., Rice, A. S. C., Tesfaye, S. H., Bennett, D., & Gerdle, B. U. C. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002451 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Establishing Central Sensitization–Related Symptom Severity Subgroups: A Multicountry Study Using the Central Sensitization Inventory
Vargas, A. I. C., Neblett, R., Nijs, J., Chiarotto, A., Kregel, J., van Wilgen, C. P., Pitance, L., Knežević, A., Gatchel, R. J., Mayer, T. G., et al. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa210 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Spreading of Pain in Patients with Chronic Pain is Related to Pain Duration and Clinical Presentation and Weakly Associated with Outcomes of Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation: A Cohort Study from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)
Gerdle, B. U. C., Fischer, M. R., Cervin, M., & Ringqvist, Å. (2021) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s288638 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Step Towards a Better Understanding of Pain Phenotypes: Latent Class Analysis in Chronic Pain Patients Receiving Multimodal Inpatient Treatment
Obbarius, A., Fischer, F. H., Liegl, G., Obbarius, N., van Bebber, J., Hofmann, T., & Rose, M. (2020) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s223092 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pain management in patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer – a descriptive study
Schaller, A. S., Peterson, A., & Bäckryd, E. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2020-0067 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Proteomic studies of common chronic pain conditions - a systematic review and associated network analyses
Gerdle, B. U. C., & Ghafouri, B. (2020) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1080/14789450.2020.1797499 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Influences of Sex, Education, and Country of Birth on Clinical Presentations and Overall Outcomes of Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation in Chronic Pain Patients: A Cohort Study from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)
Gerdle, B. U. C., Boersma, K., Åsenlöf, P., Stålnacke, B., Larsson, B. K., & Ringqvist, Å. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082374 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Cluster analysis of Canadian Armed Forces veterans living with chronic pain: Life After Service Studies 2016
Reyes-Vélez, J., Thompson, J. M., Sweet, J., Busse, J. W., & VanTil, L. D. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2021.1898278 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Time to evolve: the applicability of pain phenotyping in manual therapy
Keter, D. L., Cook, C., Kenneth, L., & Griswold, D. (2022) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2022.2052560 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fear network and pain extent: Interplays among psychological constructs related to the fear-avoidance model
Zhao, X., Boersma, K., Gerdle, B. U. C., Molander, P., & Hesser, H. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111176 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pain intensity and psychological distress show different associations with interference and lack of life control: A clinical registry-based cohort study of >40,000 chronic pain patients from SQRP
Gerdle, B. U. C., Dragioti, E., Fischer, M. R., & Ringqvist, Å. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1093002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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The Development of Mindful-Based Dance Movement Therapy Intervention for Chronic Pain: A Pilot Study With Chronic Headache Patients
Majore-Dusele, I., Karkou, V., & Millere, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.587923 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Research confirms that all three components–bio-psycho-social–are important in chronic pain, but different constellations of these components form subgroups with different needs in pain treatment and indicate the need to design “tailor-made” interventions (Bäckryd et al., 2018).”
Background
Cracking the Chronic Pain code: A scoping review of Artificial Intelligence in Chronic Pain research
Khan, M. A., Koh, R. G. L., Rashidiani, S., Liu, T., Tucci, V., Kumbhare, D. A., & Doyle, T. E. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2024.102849 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
‘A lifebuoy’ and ‘a waste of time’: patients’ varying experiences of multidisciplinary pain centre treatment- a qualitative study
Nøst, T. H., & Steinsbekk, A. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4876-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Identifying patient subgroups in the heterogeneous chronic pain population using cluster analysis
Rijsdijk, M., Smits, H. M., Azizoglu, H. R., Brugman, S., van de Burgt, Y., van Charldorp, T. C., van Gelder, D. J., de Grauw, J. C., van Lange, E. A., Meye, F. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.104792 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Perspective Chapter: Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Programs – Evidence and Clinical Real-World Results
Gerdle, B. U. C., Fischer, M. R., & Ringqvist, Å. (2022) · Pharmaceutical science. · doi:10.5772/intechopen.102411 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pain Tolerance in Chronic Pain Patients Seems to be More Associated with Physical Activity than with Depression and Anxiety
Skogberg, O., Karlsson, L., Börsbo, B., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Graven‐Nielsen, T., Gerdle, B. U. C., Bäckryd, E., & Lemming, D. (2022) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/jrm.v54.241 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Chronic back pain sub-grouped via psychosocial, brain and physical factors using machine learning
Tagliaferri, S. D., Wilkin, T., Angelova, M. N., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Owen, P. J., Miller, C. T., & Belavý, D. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19542-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Profiles of Risk and Resilience in Chronic Pain: Loneliness, Social Support, Mindfulness, and Optimism Coming out of the First Pandemic Year
Wilson, J. M., Colebaugh, C. A., Flowers, K. M., Edwards, R. R., & Schreiber, K. L. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac079 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs on neuropathic and non-neuropathic chronic pain conditions – a registry-based cohort study from Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)
Ghafouri, N., Bäckryd, E., Dragioti, E., Fischer, M. R., Ringqvist, Å., & Gerdle, B. U. C. (2023) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06462-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of evolving concepts and new technologies and approaches in advancing pain research, management, and education since the establishment of the International Association for the Study of Pain
Flor, H., Noguchi, K., Treede, R., & Turk, D. C. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003063 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Outcomes of Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Across Subgroups of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory – A Study From the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation
Gerdle, B. U. C., Cervin, M., Fischer, M. R., & Ringqvist, Å. (2021) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pain Empathy and Its Association with the Clinical Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients
Zhao, R., Ji, Y., Li, J., Li, X., Wu, T., Wu, H., & Liu, C. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s379305 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Serum levels of endocannabinoids and related lipids in painful vs painless diabetic neuropathy: results from the Pain in Neuropathy Study
Bäckryd, E., Themistocleous, A. C., Stensson, N., Rice, A. S. C., Tesfaye, S. H., Bennett, D., Gerdle, B. U. C., & Ghafouri, B. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003015 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Unsupervised learning for prognostic validity in patients with chronic pain in transdisciplinary pain care
Strigo, I. A., Simmons, A. N., Giebler, J., Schilling, J. M., & Moeller‐Bertram, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34611-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pain Phenotypes in Endometriosis: A Population‐Based Study Using Latent Class Analysis
Kanti, F. S., Allard, V., Métivier, A., Lemyre, M., Arendas, K., & Maheux‐Lacroix, S. (2024) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.18021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Subgroups of Pediatric Patients With Functional Abdominal Pain
Stone, A. L., Han, G. T., Bruehl, S. P., Garber, J., Smith, C. A., Anderson, J., Palermo, T. M., & Walker, L. S. (2020) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000882 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Real world data collection and cluster analysis in patients with sciatica due to lumbar disc herniation
Raymaekers, V., Bamps, S., Duyvendak, W., Put, E., Roosen, G., Vanvolsem, S., Wissels, M., Vanneste, S., Ridder, D. D., & Plazier, M. (2022) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107246 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Applying the Rapid OPPERA Algorithm to Predict Persistent Pain Outcomes Among a Cohort of Women Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery
Wilson, J. M., Colebaugh, C. A., Flowers, K. M., Overstreet, D. S., Edwards, R. R., Maixner, W. D., Smith, S. B., & Schreiber, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.07.012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Facing Invalidation: A Further Challenge when Living with Chronic Widespread Pain
Järemo, P., Arman, M., Gerdle, B. U. C., & Gottberg, K. (2022) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/jrm.v54.67 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prognostic subgroups of chronic pain patients using latent variable mixture modeling within a supervised machine learning framework
Zhao, X., Dannenberg, K., Repsilber, D., Gerdle, B. U. C., Molander, P., & Hesser, H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62542-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pre-consultation biopsychosocial data from patients admitted for management at pain centers in Norway
Stedenfeldt, M., Kvarstein, G., Nilsen, T. I. L., Schjödt, B., Borchgrevink, P. C., & Halsteinli, V. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2019-0076 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Acceptance and Fear-Avoidance Mediate Outcomes of Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Programs at 12-Month Follow-Up: A Clinical Registry-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)
Gerdle, B. U. C., Dragioti, E., Fischer, M. R., & Ringqvist, Å. (2024) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s438260 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Eleven neurology-related proteins measured in serum are positively correlated to the severity of diabetic neuropathy
Bäckryd, E., Themistocleous, A. C., Larsson, A. O., Gordh, T., Rice, A. S. C., Tesfaye, S. H., Bennett, D., & Gerdle, B. U. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66471-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Brain Activation of Unpleasant Emotions Increases Catastrophizing in Patients with Chronic Pain
Kimpara, K., Arizono, S., Tanaka, T. I., Kimpara, T., Terada, K., & Ohgi, S. (2023) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.01.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Patterns of Pain in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: A Latent Class Analysis
Zhu, C., Xu, Y., Lin, Z., Xu, W., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-025-00775-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Body awareness and cognitive behavioral therapy for multisite musculoskeletal pain: patients` experiences with group rehabilitation
Misje, M., Ask, T., Skouen, J. S., Anderson, B., & Magnussen, L. H. (2023) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2023.2227967 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Expectations of treatment outcome in complex cases of patients with chronic pain: A study on the DATA PAIN cohort
Waardenburg, S. F., de Meij, N., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Zundert, J. H. M. V., & Brouwer, B. A. (2023) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13274 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Longitudinal multisite study of the chronobiological control of chronic pain: the CircaHealth CircaPain study protocol
Taccardi, D., Gowdy, H. G. M., Singer, L. N., Daly-Cyr, J., Zacharias, A. M., Lu, Z., Choinière, M., Pagé, M. G., & Ghasemlou, N. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086801 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Adaptive, Pain Sensitive, and Global Symptoms Clusters: Evidence from a Patient-Based Study
Al‐Hamed, F. S., Alonso, A. A., Vivaldi, D., Smith, S. B., & Meloto, C. B. (2023) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/23800844231164076 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Statistical Validation of Unsupervised Clustering for Adolescent TMD : A Cross‐Sectional Study
Kim, H. (2025) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.15331 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A qualitative interview study exploring the experiences of pain specialists on prescribing opioids for chronic non-cancer pain
Kallman, T. F., Bäckryd, E., & Schaller, A. S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15113-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tonic cuff pressure pain sensitivity in chronic pain patients and its relation to self-reported physical activity
Skogberg, O., Karlsson, L., Bäckryd, E., & Lemming, D. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2023-0033 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multidisciplinary strategies to treat painful mononeuropathies in the upper extremity: from lab to bedside
Rijsdijk, M., TUFFAHA, S. H., & Coert, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) · doi:10.1177/17531934241240389 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Effects of Combining Perineal ESWT and Triple Therapy versus Perineal ?ESWT alone for the Treatment of Non-Inflammatory CPPS (Category III B)?
Al-Sudani, O. Y., Al-Hamadani, N., Al-Amiri, B., Hameed, S. S., Nima, M. H., & Fawzi, H. A. (2023) · International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) · doi:10.21275/sr23930171850 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identifying and characterizing clinical subgroups in individuals with endometriosis
Åkerblom, S., Jönsson, I. P., Ringqvist, Å., Nordengren, J., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1610109 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Metabolite profiling of different solvent extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds and correlation with DPPH radical scavenging activity via 1H NMR-based metabolomics
Famurewa, O. J., Yarkasuwa, C. I., & Auwal, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Metabolomics and Systems Biology · doi:10.5897/jmsb2023.0029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Improvement in pain interference and function by an allied health pain management program: Results of a randomized trial
Vandermost, M., Bagraith, K. S., Kennedy, H., Doherty, D., Kilner, S., Sterling, M. M., Henry, D. A., & Jones, M. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1836 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of Non-Pain Factors on Pain Interference Among U.S. Service Members and Veterans with Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Kennedy, E., Manhapra, A., Miles, S. R., Martindale, S. L., Rowland, J. A., Mobasher, H., Myers, M., Panahi, S., Walker, W. C., & Pugh, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0126 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The new chronic pain MG30 category and diagnostic specificity in quality registries—problems and suggested solutions with special reference to Swedish Quality Registry for Pain rehabilitation (SQRP)
Bäckryd, E., Novo, M., Hallsén, J., Schultze, S., Fischer, M. R., & Gerdle, B. U. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2024.1396429 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Putting pain into words: the psalms of lament as an aid for the alexithymic
Bäckryd, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1659170 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN: A STRATIFIED ANALYSIS BASED ON THE SPAASMS SCALE
Asanova, A. (2026) · Ukrains kyi Visnyk Psykhonevrolohii · doi:10.36927/2079-0325-v34-is2-2026-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Linking Data-Driven Symptom Dimensions to Resting-State EEG Biomarker Candidates in Chronic PainPreprint
Zebhauser, P. T., Bott, F. S., Baki, E., Heitmann, H., Bruna, N., May, E. S., & Ploner, M. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.26344711 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in the experience of chronic pain
Waardenburg, S. F. (2022) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221214sw
The treatment lottery of chronic back pain? A case series at a multidisciplinary pain centre
Mattsson, A., Ghafouri, N., & Bäckryd, E. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2022-0133
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Is patient typology related to treatment outcome in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain? A pilot study.Preprint
Vossen, H. P. L. M., Lindeboom, R., Kal, E. C., & van Bennekom, C. A. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wp8su
Unsupervised subgrouping of chronic low back pain patients treated in a specialty clinicPreprint
Espin, A. T., Keller, A., Ewing, S. K., Bishara, A. M., Takegami, N., Ferguson, A. R., Scheffler, A., Hue, T. F., Lotz, J. C., Peterson, T. A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.23298104
The use of registry data to assess clinical hunches: An example from the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation
Bäckryd, E. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2025-0015
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A Measure of the Robustness of Clusters in a Network with No Ground Truth—A Chronic Lower Back Pain Case Study
Ho, I., Anderson, P., Davidson, J. M., Lotz, J. C., & Migler, T. (2025) · Lecture notes in social networks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85240-4_13
Additional file 2 of Effects of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs on neuropathic and non-neuropathic chronic pain conditions – a registry-based cohort study from Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)
Ghafouri, N., Bäckryd, E., Dragioti, E., Rivano Fischer, M., Ringqvist, Å., & Gerdle, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26587551
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Additional file 1 of Effects of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs on neuropathic and non-neuropathic chronic pain conditions – a registry-based cohort study from Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)
Ghafouri, N., Bäckryd, E., Dragioti, E., Rivano Fischer, M., Ringqvist, Å., & Gerdle, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26587548
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Chronic Pain as a Continuum: Unsupervised Learning for Identification and Quantification of Coexisting Chronic Pain Mechanisms
Khan, M. A., Koh, R. G. L., Kumbhare, D. A., & Doyle, T. E. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3656881
Data-driven clustering of chronic pain profiles using Swedish national registry data: Towards individualized decision support in interdisciplinary rehabilitation
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Divergent treatment responses in chronic pain: Identifying subgroups of patients through cluster analysisPreprint
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Wager, J., Zernikow, B., Darlington, A., Vocks, S., & Hechler, T. (2014) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.497.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Authors: Bäckryd, E., Persson, E. B., Larsson, A. I., Fischer, M. R., & Gerdle, B.
Affiliations: Linköping University (SE)
Lund University (SE)
Corresponding author: Bäckryd, Emmanuel
ORCID: Bäckryd, Emmanuel
Persson, Elisabeth B.
Fischer, Marcelo Rivano
Gerdle, Björn
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2018-02-08
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: e0192623
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192623
PMC: PMC5805304
OpenAlex: W2787552463
Cited by: 75
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 3.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DiVA (Linkoping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: AFA Försäkring
research-ALF Linköping University hospital
Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Keywords: chronic pain, patient subgroups, psychological strain, social distress, pain intensity, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, pain duration, multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation, personalized rehabilitation
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Sweden, Cluster Analysis, Discriminant Analysis, Patient Satisfaction, Chronic Pain, Pain Management

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Chronic pain patients can be classified into four groups: clustering-based discriminant analysis of psychometric data from 4665 patients referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre (a SQRP study)

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