Spirituality in pain medicine: A randomized experiment of pain perception, heart rate and religious spiritual well-being by using a single session meditation methodology
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study is to investigate different effects on pain perception among randomly assigned volunteers practicing meditation compared to a relaxation condition. The study examines whether participants of the experimental conditions (meditation versus relaxation) differ in the change of pain perception and heart rate measurement and in religious and spiritual well-being after an intervention. METHOD: 147 volunteers (long-term practitioners and novices) were randomly assigned to the experimental conditions with a headphone guided 20-minute single session intervention. The change in their pre- and post-intervention pain perception was measured using Quantitative Sensory Testing and Cold Pressor Testing (CPTest), their stress-level was compared by monitoring heart rate, and their religious and spiritual well-being by using the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (MI-RSB48). Additionally, dimensions of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) measured the psychological resilience of the participants; pain and stress experience, and the state of relaxation and spirituality experience were assessed. Five persons were excluded due to failure in measuring the heart rate and 29 participants had to be excluded because of high values on the BSI. RESULTS: The meditation group showed an increase in their pain tolerance on the CPTest and a decrease in their pain intensity for heat after the experimental condition, in contrast to the relaxation group. Futhermore, the meditation group showed a higher level of religious spiritual well-being (MI-RSB48 Total score) as well as in the sub-dimensions General Religiosity, Forgiveness, and Connectedness after the experimental condition, compared to the relaxation group. Our data is consistent with the hypothesis that meditation increases pain tolerance and reduces pain intensity, however, further work is required to determine whether meditation contains similar implications for pain patients.
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Considering the effectiveness of MBI in improving psychological outcomes, it is highly possible that MBI may provide beneficial effects in fatigue recovery after a 45 min soccer match.
“Considering the effectiveness of MBI in improving psychological outcomes [12,13,14,15,16,17], it is highly possible that MBI may provide beneficial effects in fatigue recovery after a 45 min soccer match.”
From Acute effects of brief mindfulness intervention coupled with carbohydrate ingestion to re-energize soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Brief MBI programs reduce chronic pain or increase pain tolerance, benefit cardiovascular and respiratory modulation, and help physiological relaxation responses.
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From Acute effects of brief mindfulness intervention coupled with carbohydrate ingestion to re-energize soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
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“, 5–20 min/session) programs have been found to reduce chronic pain or increase pain tolerance [12,13], benefit cardiovascular and respiratory modulation [14], and help physiological relaxation responses [15].”
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Levitt, A. E., Galor, A., Small, L. R., Feuer, W. J., & Felix, E. R. (2020) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.10.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Consensus-Based Recommendations for Assessing Post-Intensive Care Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Bornemann‐Cimenti, H., Lang, J., Hammer, S., Lang-Illievich, K., Labenbacher, S., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., & Klivinyi, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14103595 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Drawing on insights from fields such as palliative care, it is evident that this aspect warrants increased attention [39–41].”
Self-citationA Latin American consensus meeting on the essentials of mixed pain
Fernández-Fairén, M., Calderón‐Ospina, C., Chen, J., Duarte-Vega, M., Fernández-Villacorta, F. J., Gómez-García, F., López-Almejo, L., Manzano‐García, A., Hernández-Méndez-Villamil, E., Helito, C. P., et al. (2023) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2023.2177401 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Unterrainer, . (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14070882 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prayer as a pain intervention: protocol of a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Ferreira-Valente, A., Jarego, M., Garcia, I. Q., Pimenta, F., Costa, R. M., Day, M. A., Ribeiro, J. L. P., & Jensen, M. P. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047580 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fuchshuber, J., & Unterrainer, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.597565 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Du, X., Liu, X., Li, P., He, S., Leng, L., & Huang, J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02634-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Research indicates that short MIs can enhance pain coping and cardiovascular modulation (May et al., 2016; Sollgruber et al., 2018; Ussher et al., 2014).”
Schmitz, F., Buzzi, A.-L., Brem, B. G., Schnabel, K., Berger-Estilita, J., Roten, F.-M., Peng-Keller, S., & Guttormsen, S. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06142-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Access to such positive aspects – hereafter referred to as spiritual resources – is associated with functional pain-related coping, leading to, amongst other things, improved pain tolerance [11].”
BackgroundHesari, N. J., Asgari, P., Naderi, F., & Heidari, A. (2021) · International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention · doi:10.52547/ijmpp.6.4.564 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In recent years and in line with psychological and spiritual factors related to pain and its outcomes, emotional regulation has been brought into theoretical and research fields as an important factor [14].”
BackgroundKoenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Understanding the Religion, Mental, and Social Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Eroğlu, H., & Metin, Z. G. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12961 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chowmas, D., Gunawan, A. W., & Sutikyanto, S. (2021) · SMARATUNGGA JURNAL OF EDUCATION AND BUDDHIST STUDIES · doi:10.53417/sjebs.v1i2.60 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bhargav, H., Holla, B., Mahadevan, J., Jasti, N., Philip, M., Sharma, P., Vedamurthachar, A., Mehta, U. M., Varambally, S. S., Venkatasubramanian, G., et al. (2024) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19392.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Besides this, yoga may enhance pain thresholds 34 and bring a state of natural ‘high’ by providing deep relaxation and calmness to the mind.”
Spiritual Needs of Patients with Chronic Pain Diseases
Büssing, A., & Peng‐Keller, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70139-0_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dokuhaki, S., Tayebi, N., Keshavarz, M., & Akbarzadeh, M. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01869-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“, 2008) and other studies have reported spiritual peace effective in increasing the pain tolerance threshold and decreasing pain intensity (Golbahar et al., 2011; Roberts et al., 2004; Sollgruber et al., 2018).”
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Public Health and Human Flourishing
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding the Religion–Physical Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sukmayati, M. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210304.071
“intensity of the pain, but it could increase the ability to tolerate the pain[20].”
BackgroundHUBUNGAN KONDISI SPIRITUAL DENGAN KEMAMPUAN RESILIENSI PSIKOLOGI KLIEN BIDAN
Sukmayati, M. (2021) · Jurnal Asuhan Ibu dan Anak · doi:10.33867/jaia.v6i2.260
Sutar, R., & Kour, P. (2023) · Ecology Environment and Conservation · doi:10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03.066
“Furthermore, the desire for a healthy lifestyle, physical and mental relaxation, spiritual well-being (Sollgruber et al., 2018), and discovering one’s inner self and its connection to the environment are major determinants of wellness (Smith and Kelly, 2006), all of which drive tourists to India…”
BackgroundKoenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0034
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0021
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0005
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0029
Levin, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0033
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0009
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0023
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0024
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0020
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0026
Disease Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0030
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0019
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0004
Personality Traits and Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0011
Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0009
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0004
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0018
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0003
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0013
Koh, H. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0006
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0028
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0022
Studies on Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.005.0001
Nurasiah, A., Afianti, H., & Sukmanawati, D. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Husada Health Sciences Journal · doi:10.34305/jikbh.v14i02.827
dos Santos, F. R., da Silva, L. A., Bais, D. D. H., Moreira, A. D. S., Bolela, F., & Pessalácia, J. D. R. (2023) · Revista de Pesquisa Cuidado é Fundamental Online · doi:10.9789/2175-5361.rpcfo.v15.12222
Spirituality and Pain Management in Palliative Care
Austin, P., & Lovell, M. R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50864-6_14
Espiritualidade na fibromialgia
de Assis, M. R., & da Fonseca, A. B. B. N. (2024) · Revista Paulista de Reumatologia · doi:10.46833/reumatologiasp.2024.23.4.68-77
Kock, M., Walentynowicz, M., der Gucht, K. V., & Raes, F. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02743-0
“In contrast, Sollgruber et al. (2018) demonstrated that a brief audio-guided mindfulness induction combining focused attention and open monitoring increased pain tolerance and reduced heat pain intensity relative to relaxation.”
- Authors
- Sollgruber, A., Bornemann-Cimenti, H., Szilagyi, I.-S., & Sandner-Kiesling, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Sollgruber, Anja
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-09-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0203336
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6128533
- OpenAlex
- W2890423583
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- meditation, pain perception, pain tolerance, pain intensity, heart rate, stress, relaxation, guided meditation, forgiveness, connectedness, religiosity, pain patients, psychological resilience
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Pain, Pain Measurement, Relaxation Therapy, Pain Threshold, Meditation, Spirituality, Young Adult, Pain Perception, Pain Management, Mindfulness
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