Neural correlates of sense of agency in motor control: a neuroimaging meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
The sense of agency (SoA) refers to the perception that an action is the consequence of one's own intention. Studies exploring the SoA with neuroimaging techniques summarized the available data and confirmed a role of fronto-parietal areas and subcortical structures. However, these studies focused on specific regions of interest. We thus conducted a whole-brain meta-analysis to verify which regions emerge as significant for the SoA, specifically during motor execution. We performed a systematic search on PubMed, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases with the following inclusion criteria: studies investigating SoA with a visuo-motor task by means of neuroimaging in healthy subjects. We performed a quantitative, whole-brain, meta-analysis of neural correlates of the SoA based on the activation likelihood estimation. Of the 785 articles identified by our search, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria (169 foci, 295 subjects for decreased agency, and 58 foci, 165 subjects for normal agency). Neural correlates of decreased agency were the bilateral temporo-parietal junction (MNI: 50,-54,14; -44,-52,42; -48,-56,8). Normal agency showed no significant clusters of activation. This meta-analysis confirmed the key role of areas responsible for decreased SoA during motor control, whereas normal agency did not show a specific neural signature. This study sets the ground for future regions-of-interest analyses of neural correlates of SoA, as well as potential neuromodulation studies, which might be relevant in medical conditions presenting with abnormal SoA.
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Different measures of the sense of agency-explicit judgment of agency, non-agency, and intentional binding-have been associated with different brain regions.
“As stressed in the previous paragraph, the different measures of the sense of agency (explicit judgment of the agency, “non-agency” and intentional binding) have been associated with different brain regions, that have been recently reviewed in meta-analyzes (Sperduti et al., 2011; Seghezzi et al., 2019; Zito et al., 2020).”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Zito et al., 2020
The Discussion (‘Other brain areas involved in the SoA’; page unavailable) associates explicit judgments of agency with frontal regions, while the Results (‘Summary of results of the meta-analysis’; page unavailable) identifies temporal and parietal regions for negative agency. The paper does not establish a brain-region association for intentional binding, and its limitations state that explicit-judgment studies were excluded from the meta-analysis. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe network activated when agency is disrupted consistently involves the temporo-parietal junction or inferior parietal lobule, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, the pre-supplementary motor area, the superior and middle temporal gyrus, and the angular gyrus.
“The network that is activated when the agency is disrupted consistently involves the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) or inferior parietal lobule (IPL), the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), the superior and middle temporal gyrus, the angular gyrus (Sperduti et al., 2011; Seghezzi et al., 2019; Zito et al., 2020).”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Zito et al., 2020
The Results (Summary of results of the meta-analysis; page unavailable) identify negative-agency activation clusters in the superior and middle temporal gyri and inferior parietal lobule, with a small portion of one cluster in the angular gyrus. The Conclusions place the network’s main nodes in the bilateral TPJ. The paper does not identify the precuneus or dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as nodes in that network, and the Discussion (Other brain areas involved in the SoA) says its analysis did not reveal SMA activity; thus it does not support the full list as consistently activated. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe judgment of agency has been linked with activation in the anterior prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the fronto-median cortex.
“The judgment of agency has been linked with activation in the anterior prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the fronto-median cortex (Spengler et al., 2009; Miele et al., 2011; Zito et al., 2020), indicating that this process requires high-order, conceptual mechanisms.”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Zito et al., 2020
The SMA is recruited to predict the sensory consequences of an action to process agency error during its execution.
“and it is recruited to predict the sensory consequences of an action such as to process agency error during its execution (Zito et al., 2020)”
From Alteration of hypnotic experience following transcranial electrical stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex (2023) · cites this paper as Zito et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Zito, G. A., Wiest, R., & Aybek, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Zito, Giuseppe A.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-06-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0234321
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7274441
- OpenAlex
- W3033739755
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (PP00P3_176985)
- Fondation Leenaards (3642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- sense of agency, motor control, visuomotor task, temporoparietal junction, subcortical structures, neural correlates, activation likelihood estimation
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Psychomotor Performance, Self Concept, Intention, Neuroimaging, Sensorimotor Cortex
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