Minority stress theory applied to conception, pregnancy, and pregnancy loss: A qualitative study examining LGBTQ+ people’s experiences
Open accessAbstract
Many lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (trans), queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) people desire to conceive children. Yet, LGBTQ+ peoples' experiences are scant in reproductive health literature, particularly around pregnancy loss-a stigmatized and distressing pregnancy outcome. Informed by minority stress theory, this qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of multi-level stigma and resilience among LGBTQ+ people in the context of conception, pregnancy, and loss. Seventeen semi-structured individual interviews (25-70 minutes) were conducted (2019) with a purposive sample of LGBTQ+ people in the United States (U.S.) who had experienced pregnancy loss (n = 14) or in an intimate partnership in which a pregnancy was lost (n = 3) in the last two years. Transcribed interviews were analyzed thematically. Participants described the profound sadness of pregnancy loss due to unique challenges of LGBTQ+ conception. Multiple types of stigma manifested at intrapersonal (e.g., anticipated sexual stigma upon disclosure), interpersonal (e.g., unsolicited advice about conception decisions), and structural levels (e.g., differential requirements to access conception compared to heterosexual/cisgender couples). Resilience was also seen individually (e.g., purposeful disclosure of conception, pregnancy, and loss), relationally (e.g., connecting with other LGBTQ+ community members), and collectively (e.g., creating/engaging in LGBTQ+-specific conception, pregnancy, and loss online spaces). LGBTQ+ people experience minority stressors of multi-level stigmatization throughout the pregnancy process, which limits their access to social support after experiencing pregnancy loss. However, individual, relational, and collective resilience strategies abound in response. Thus, minority stress theory can also be applied to recognize strengths-based and affirming approaches to reproductive healthcare for LGBTQ+ people.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People who identify as part of the LGBTQ+ community may experience different levels of stigma than heterosexual couples after a stillbirth.
“Similarly, people who identify as part of the LQGTQ+ community may experience different levels of stigma than heterosexual couples after a stillbirth (40).”
From Parent hospital experiences following stillbirth (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results section reports stigma experienced by LGBTQ+ participants during conception, pregnancy, and pregnancy loss, including fears that others would judge a loss because of their LGBTQ+ identity. It also describes different expectations for LGBTQ+ and heterosexual people, but the cited passages do not establish a difference in stigma specifically after stillbirth. The Introduction discusses stillbirth stigma generally, not a comparison between LGBTQ+ people and heterosexual couples. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches
Lewis, S. (2015) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839915580941 · Cited by 22,105 · see citing works
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736 · see citing works
Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940690600500107 · Cited by 11,829 · see citing works
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · Cited by 8,848 · see citing works
Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/146879410100100307 · Cited by 5,506 · see citing works
Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men
Meyer, I. H. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137286 · Cited by 4,264 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Stigma is further conceptualized as operating at the level of the individual, or proximally, as well as at interpersonal and structural levels more distally [24, 32].”
BackgroundCritical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry
Morse, J. M. (2015) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732315588501 · Cited by 2,809 · see citing works
Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029597 · Cited by 2,134 · see citing works
Ungar, M. (2011) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x · Cited by 1,789 · see citing works
White Hughto, J. M., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010 · Cited by 1,680 · see citing works
Emerging Criteria for Quality in Qualitative and Interpretive Research
Lincoln, Y. S. (1995) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780049500100301 · Cited by 1,568 · see citing works
Development of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure.
Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000081 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth
Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities.
Meyer, I. H. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000132 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
Bauer, G. R., Hammond, R., Travers, R., Kaay, M., Hohenadel, K., & Boyce, M. (2009) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.07.004 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Minority stress and physical health among sexual minority individuals
Frost, D. M., Lehavot, K., & Meyer, I. H. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9523-8 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Triple Jeopardy and Beyond: Multiple Minority Stress and Resilience Among Black Lesbians
Bowleg, L., Huang, J. K., Brooks, K. D., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. J. (2003) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v07n04_06 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Fredriksen‐Goldsen, K. I., Simoni, J. M., Kim, H., Lehavot, K., Walters, K. L., Yang, J. P., Hoy‐Ellis, C. P., & Muraco, A. (2014) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000030 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Multiple minority stress and LGBT community resilience among sexual minority men.
McConnell, E. A., Janulis, P. F., Phillips, G., Truong, R., & Birkett, M. A. (2018) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000265 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Reflexivity in Qualitative Research: A Journey of Learning
Palaganas, E., Sanchez, M., Molintas, M. V., & Caricativo, R. (2017) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2017.2552 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Transgender health care: improving medical students' and residents' training and awareness
Dubin, S. N., Nolan, I. T., Streed, C. G., Greene, R. E., Radix, A. E., & Morrison, S. D. (2018) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s147183 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Craig, S. L., & McInroy, L. (2014) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2013.777007 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Kcomt, L., Gorey, K. M., Barrett, B. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100608 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Fox, J., & Ralston, R. A. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.009 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Rigor in Qualitative Social Work Research: A Review of Strategies Used in Published Articles
Barusch, A. S., Gringeri, C. E., & George, M. (2011) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/35.1.11 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Advancing resilience: An integrative, multi-system model of resilience
Liu, J. J. W., Reed, M. J., & Girard, T. A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.007 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patient Care: Medical Students' Preparedness and Comfort
White, W., Brenman, S., Paradis, E., Goldsmith, E. S., Lunn, M. R., Obedin‐Maliver, J., Stewart, L. A., Tran, E., Wells, M., Chamberlain, L. J., et al. (2015) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2015.1044656 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Farren, J. A., Jalmbrant, M., Ameye, L., Joash, K., Mitchell‐Jones, N., Tapp, S., Timmerman, D., & Bourne, T. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011864 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Study of Youth Resilience Across Cultures: Lessons from a Pilot Study of Measurement Development
Ungar, M. T., Liebenberg, L., Boothroyd, R. A., Kwong, W. M., Lee, T. Y., LeBlanc, J. C., Duque, L. F., & Makhnach, A. V. (2008) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427600802274019 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
A national survey on public perceptions of miscarriage
Bardos, J., Hercz, D., Friedenthal, J., Missmer, S. A., & Williams, Z. (2015) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000859 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Never in All My Years…”: Nurses' Education About LGBT Health
Carabez, R. M., Pellegrini, M., Mankovitz, A., Eliason, M., Ciano, M., & Scott, M. (2015) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2015.01.003 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Parenting Intentions Among Transgender Individuals
Tornello, S. L., & Bos, H. (2017) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2016.0153 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Announcing Pregnancy Loss on Facebook
Andalibi, N., & Forte, A. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173732 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citation(2006) · doi:10.4324/9781315805597.ch2 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Recruitment via social media: advantages and potential biases
Benedict, C., Hahn, A. L., Diefenbach, M. A., & Ford, J. S. (2019) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207619867223 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Grief, traumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth in women who have experienced pregnancy loss.
Krosch, D., & Shakespeare‐Finch, J. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000183 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Pregnancy loss in lesbian and bisexual women: an online survey of experiences
Peel, E. (2009) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dep441 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Breaking the Silence: An Agenda for a Feminist Discourse of Pregnancy Loss
Layne, L. L. (1997) · Feminist Studies · doi:10.2307/3178398 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Fertility Decision-Making Among Transgender Adolescents and Young Adults
Chen, D., Kyweluk, M. A., Sajwani, A., Gordon, E. J., Johnson, E. K., Finlayson, C. A., & Woodruff, T. K. (2019) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0250 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
From Homophobia and Heterosexism to Heteronormativity
Yep, G. A. (2002) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v06n03_14 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation Disparities in Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes
Everett, B. G., Kominiarek, M. A., Mollborn, S., Adkins, D. E., & Hughes, T. L. (2018) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-018-2595-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Layne, L. L. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00211-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“It's Always the Mother's Fault”: Secondary Stigma of Mothering a Transgender Child
Johnson, S. L., & Benson, K. E. (2014) · Journal of GLBT Family Studies · doi:10.1080/1550428x.2014.857236 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Understanding stillbirth stigma: A scoping literature review
Pollock, D., Ziaian, T., Pearson, E., Cooper, M., & Warland, J. (2020) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2019.05.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Riggs, D. W., Pearce, R., Pfeffer, C. A., Hines, S., White, F. R., & Ruspini, E. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03166-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Lesbian women's experiences with healthcare providers in the birthing context: A meta-ethnography
Dahl, B., Fylkesnes, A. M., Sørlie, V. M., & Malterud, K. (2012) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2012.06.008 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Lelutiu‐Weinberger, C., Pollard-Thomas, P., Pagano, W., Levitt, N., Lopez, E. I., Golub, S. A., & Radix, A. E. (2016) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2015.0009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Understanding the experience of miscarriage in the emergency department
MacWilliams, K., Hughes, J., Aston, M., Field, S., & Moffatt, F. W. (2016) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2016.05.011 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Reclaiming a moral identity: stillbirth, stigma and ‘moral mothers
Murphy, S. (2012) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2011.06.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ross, L. E., Siegel, A. K., Dobinson, C., Epstein, R., & Steele, L. S. (2012) · Journal of GLBT Family Studies · doi:10.1080/1550428x.2012.660791 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Vyas, D., & Dillahunt, T. R. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3134740 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Decolonizing Tactics as Collective Resilience: Identity Work of AAPI Communities on Reddit
Dosono, B., & Semaan, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3392881 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Pregnancy and infant loss: a survey of families’ experiences in Ontario Canada
Watson, J., Simmonds, A., La Fontaine, M., & Fockler, M. E. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2270-2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Meta-analysis to obtain a scale of psychological reaction after perinatal loss: focus on miscarriage
Adolfsson, A. (2011) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s17330 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Coutin, A., Wright, S. R., Li, C., & Fung, R. (2018) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.42906 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Challenges and Mental Health Experiences of Lesbian and Bisexual Women Who Are Trying to Conceive
Yager, C., Brennan, D. J., Steele, L. S., Epstein, R., & Ross, L. E. (2010) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/35.3.191 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Health and Access to Care among Reproductive-Age Women by Sexual Orientation and Pregnancy Status
Gonzales, G., Quinones, N., & Attanasio, L. B. (2018) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2018.10.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Miscarriage Experiences of Lesbian Couples
Wojnar, D. (2007) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.03.015 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Besse, M., Lampe, N. M., & Mann, E. S. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The HIV Care Cascade Among Transgender Women with HIV in Canada: A Mixed-Methods Study
Lacombe‐Duncan, A., Bauer, G. R., Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Shokoohi, M., Kay, E. S., Persad, Y., O’Brien, N., Kaida, A., de Pokomandy, A., et al. (2019) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2019.0013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationThe experiences of Australian lesbian couples becoming parents: deciding, searching and birthing
Chapman, R., Wardrop, J., Zappia, T., Watkins, R. E., & Shields, L. E. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.04007.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Craven, C. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429431715 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Impact of Stress and Strain on Current LGBT Health Disparities
Juster, R., Vencill, J. A., & Johnson, P. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54509-7_4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Klein, D. A., Malcolm, N. M., Berry‐Bibee, E., Paradise, S. L., Coulter, J. S., Baker, K. K., Schvey, N. A., Rollison, J. M., & Frederiksen, B. N. (2018) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0213 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Retrospective coping strategies during sexual identity formation and current biopsychosocial stress
Juster, R., Ouellet, É., Lefebvre-Louis, J.-P., Sindi, S., Johnson, P. J., Smith, N. G., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2015) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1004324 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Oldenburg, C. E., Perez‐Brumer, A., Reisner, S. L., Mayer, K. H., Mimiaga, M. J., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Bärnighausen, T. (2016) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2016.1149598 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nazem, T. G., Chang, S., Lee, J. A., Briton-Jones, C. M., Copperman, A. B., & McAvey, B. A. (2019) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0151 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Januwalla, A., Goldberg, A. E., Flanders, C. E., Yudin, M. H., & Ross, L. E. (2019) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-019-02741-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pathways to pregnancy for sexual minority women in same-sex marriages
Downing, J. M. (2019) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.04.019 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Abeln, B., & Love, R. A. (2019) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2019.1565876 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Borneskog, C., Sydsjö, G., Lampic, C., Bladh, M. K., & Svanberg, A. S. (2013) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12214 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Why Shouldn't Lesbian Women Who Miscarry Receive Special Consideration?
Wojnar, D., & Swanson, K. M. (2006) · Journal of GLBT Family Studies · doi:10.1300/j461v02n01_01 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Contexts of Reproductive Loss in Lesbian Couples
Black, B., & Fields, W. S. (2014) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000032 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Small, E., Nikolova, S., Zhou, Y., & Okumu, M. (2021) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1869286 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reproductive Rights without Resources or Recourse
Mutcherson, K. M. (2017) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.790 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Losing a Child: Death and Hidden Losses in LGBTQ-Parent Families
Allen, K. R., & Craven, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35610-1_22 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [22]Craven C, Peel E. Queering reproductive loss: Exploring grief and memorialization. 2016. In Lind E. R. M. & Deveau A. (Eds.) Interrogating Pregnancy Loss: Feminist writings on abortion, miscarriage and stillbirth. (pp. 225– 245) Bradford, Ontario: Demeter Press.
- [37]Rank N. Barriers for access to assisted reproductive technologies by lesbian women: The search for parity within the healthcare system. Houston Journal of Health Law and Policy. 2010; 10: 115.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Andalibi, N., Lacombe‐Duncan, A., Roosevelt, L. K., Wojciechowski, K., & Giniel, C. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3474362 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationPermezel, J., Arnold, A. S. C., Thomas, J., Maepioh, A., Brown, R., Hafford‐Letchfield, T., Skouteris, H., Hatzikiriakidis, K., & McNair, R. (2023) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103712 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gender minority stress in transgender people: a major role for social network
Collet, S., Kiyar, M., Martens, K., Vangeneugden, J., Simpson, V. G., Guillamón, A., Mueller, S. C., & T'Sjoen, G. G. (2023) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdad043 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Huang, A. K., Schulte, A. R., Hall, M.-F. E., Chen, L., Srinivasan, S., Mita, C., Jahan, A. B., Soled, K. R. S., & Charlton, B. M. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06813-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pregnancy in Transmasculine, Non-binary, and Gender Expansive Patients
Cantwell, C. J. (2024) · Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13669-024-00384-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Patel, D., Woods, E., & Singh, A. (2024) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3679318.3685380 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Perinatal Bereavement in Racially, Culturally, and Gender Diverse Families
Nurse-Clarke, N., Freedle, A., Bindeman, J., Jarvis, J., & Sember, J. (2024) · MCN: The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000983 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aggarwal, A., Qiao, S., O’Leary, S. D., Schlekat, K. N., & Li, X. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04305-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pasha, A., Morris, K., Kaczmarski, K., Li, X., & Qiao, S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.25329057 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A thematic analysis of couples’ sexual well-being following a recent pregnancy loss
Schwenck, G. C., Allsop, D. B., Cohen, E., & Rosen, N. O. (2025) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2441835 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Postpartum Care Differences in LGBTQ+ and Non-LGBTQ+ Individuals
Nguyen, K. H., Daw, J. R., & ALLEN, H. L. (2025) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.0672 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Horstman, H. K., Hudak, N., Deatherage, S., Holtz, B., & Butauski, M. (2026) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2026.2615194 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychological Support for Patients After Pregnancy Loss
Schuette, S., Alsup, S., & Woodward, J. T. (2025) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/s42843-025-00137-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parent hospital experiences following stillbirth
Kremkow, J. M. D., & Lamberson, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1706931
“Similarly, people who identify as part of the LQGTQ+ community may experience different levels of stigma than heterosexual couples after a stillbirth (40).”
Improving Healthcare Experiences for Transgender and Intersex Populations
Lee, D., & Chopak‐Foss, J. (2023) · Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association · doi:10.20429/jgpha.2023.090104
Sycz, L. J., Evans, A. T., & Denney‐Koelsch, E. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47203-9_10
MacGregor, B., Leach, H., Court, R. A., Grove, A., Heazell, A. E. P., Hillman, S., & Staniszewska, S. H. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093581
Moxley, R., Park, C., Hollister, B., & Levy, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5401358
Borodziuk, C., Wynn, J., Harkavy, N., Bergner, A. L., & Florido, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.70111
Carpenter, H. (2025) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-025-10485-w
Jackson, T. E., & LaFratta, I. (2025) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/13634607251412107
Enduring hope and loss: qualitative evidence synthesis of LGBTQ+ experiences of perinatal loss
Darwin, Z. J., Bainbridge, A., Bekiropoulou, A., & Greenfield, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1732197
Tam, M. W. Y., Berzansky, I., Chakraborty, P., Reynolds, C. A., Soled, K. R., McKetta, S., Veldhuis, C. B., Koenen, K., & Charlton, B. M. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08867-y
‘The loss burns harder’. The experiences of LGBTIQA+ Australians following miscarriage
Twycross, M., Thrower, E., Bellhouse, C., Bilardi, J., & Temple-Smith, M. J. (2026) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2026.2641512
Shimizu, J. P. K., Dawson, S. J., Fitzpatrick, E. T., Tavares, I. M., Kempster, O., & Rosen, N. O. (2026) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2026.2635395
Coward, C. O., Swaminathan, K., Hahn‐Holbrook, J., & Howell, J. L. (2026) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2026.2656939
The experiences of sexual and gender minorities accessing perinatal care: A scoping review
Zeta, B., & Patil, T. (2026) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057261444891
Tarar, H., Kalembo, L., Bainbridge, S., & Fontaine‐Bisson, B. (2026) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2026.103443
Cherry, K. E. (2026) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2026.2708743
The Queer Sperm Donor Therapeutic Model of Enquiry: an affirming framework for clinical practice
Smith, W. (2026) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2026.2719767
Cáceres, I., de-Juan-Iglesias, P., Nieto-Casado, F. J., Caffieri, A., Lapping-Carr, L. R., & Motrico, E. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10360701/v1
- Authors
- Lacombe-Duncan, A., Andalibi, N., Roosevelt, L., & Weinstein-Levey, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2022-07-26
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e0271945
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9321415
- OpenAlex
- W4288035168
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 4.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- MCubed, University of Michigan
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Keywords
- minority stress theory, LGBTQ+ people, miscarriage, conception, stigma, resilience, social support, disclosure, access to reproductive health services, affirming care, online support groups
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Sexual and Gender Minorities, Bisexuality, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, United States, Homosexuality, Female, Transgender Persons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
