The power to improve: Effects of multilingualism and perceived proficiency on enjoyment and anxiety in foreign language learning
Open accessAbstract
Abstract The study examines whether already knowing several languages and feeling proficient in a new foreign language (FL) has an effect on positive and negative emotions during the learning. The emergence of positive psychology in language acquisition studies has led to the examination of positive emotions in the FL learning process, such as Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE). FLE is a positive emotional state where psychological needs are met and was introduced as the positive emotion counterpart to the oft studied negative emotion, Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA). A international sample of 1622 FL learners were analysed utilising multivariate tests of variance, examining the level of multilingualism and the level of self-perceived FL proficiency as independent variables, with FLE and FLA as dependent variables. Results indicated a very small, but statistically significant interaction effect between the level of multilingualism and self-perceived FL proficiency on the FLA of the language learner, but not on FLE. In addition, higher levels of multilingualism were associated with higher levels of enjoyment and lower levels of anxiety in FL learners. In turn, more self-perceived proficient FL learners indicated higher levels of enjoyment and lower levels of anxiety. Although effect sizes were in some cases very small, the results do indicate the benefits multilinguals and higher proficiency FL learners have when learning a FL.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The relationship between FLE and FLA is most likely circular.
“Indeed, we have argued in previous publications that the relationship between FLE and FLA is most likely circular, as the lessening of anxiety can lead to greater enjoyment in the FL classroom, which in turn reduces anxiety (Botes et al., 2020a).”
From Taking stock: A meta-analysis of the effects of foreign language enjoyment (2022) · cites this paper as Botes et al., 2020a
The Literature review (page unavailable) reports a moderate negative correlation between FLE and FLA and describes their relationship as dynamic. It does not say their relationship is circular or that reduced anxiety increases enjoyment, which then further reduces anxiety. The paper’s “vicious circle” concerns anxiety and achievement, not anxiety and enjoyment. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
(2017) · Cited by 16,319 · see citing works
Positive psychology: An introduction.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5 · Cited by 11,351 · see citing works
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697 · see citing works
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218 · Cited by 3,512 · see citing works
The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom
Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5 · Cited by 1,757 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?
Blanca, M., Alarcón, R., Arnau, J., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2017) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.383 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
Language anxiety and achievement
Horwitz, E. (2001) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190501000071 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest?
YOUNG, D. J. (1991) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Positive Psychology: An Introduction
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014) · Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_18 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Foreign language enjoyment and anxiety: The effect of teacher and learner variables
Dewaele, J.-M., Witney, J., Saito, K., & Dewaele, L. (2018) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168817692161 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage Anxiety: Differentiating Writing and Speaking Components
Cheng, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/0023-8333.00095 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
The Flowering of Positive Psychology in Foreign Language Teaching and Acquisition Research
Dewaele, J., Chen, X., Padilla, A. M., & Lake, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02128 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Self-citationBook Review: Discovering Statistics Using SPSS
Field, A., & Gaitanou, C. (2005) · PsyPag Quarterly · doi:10.53841/bpspag.2005.1.56.31 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2016) · Positive Psychology in SLA · doi:10.21832/9781783095360-010 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Does Anxiety Affect Second Language Learning? A Reply to Sparks and Ganschow
Macintyre, P. (1995) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1995.tb05418.x · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Foreign and second language anxiety
Horwitz, E. K. (2010) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s026144480999036x · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Li, C., Jiang, G., & Dewaele, J. (2018) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2018.06.004 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Self-citationSetting an Agenda for Positive Psychology in SLA: Theory, Practice, and Research
MACINTYRE, P. D., GREGERSEN, T., & MERCER, S. (2019) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12544 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
How unique is the foreign language classroom enjoyment and anxiety of Chinese EFL learners?
Yan, J., & Dewaele, J. (2019) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2019.02.017 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroducing positive psychology to SLA
Mercer, S., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.2 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
The additive effect of bilingualism on third language acquisition: A review
Cenoz, J. (2003) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069030070010501 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Dewaele, J., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. F. (2008) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00482.x · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citation2. An Overview of Language Anxiety Research and Trends in its Development
MacIntyre, P. D. (2017) · New Insights into Language Anxiety · doi:10.21832/9781783097722-003 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Macintyre, P. D., & Legatto, J. J. (2011) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amq037 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Li, C. (2019) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1614187 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication: An idiodynamic approach
Boudreau, C., MacIntyre, P. D., & Dewaele, J. (2018) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.7 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationThe influence of bilingualism on third language acquisition: Focus on multilingualism
Cenoz, J. (2011) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444811000218 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
The Effect of Perception of Teacher Characteristics on Spanish EFL Learners’ Anxiety and Enjoyment
DEWAELE, J., MAGDALENA, A. F., & SAITO, K. (2019) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12555 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationJin, Y., & Zhang, L. J. (2021) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2018.1526253 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Dewaele, J.-M., & Dewaele, L. (2017) · Journal of the European Second Language Association · doi:10.22599/jesla.6 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J. (2019) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x19864996 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J. (2013) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12036.x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J.-M. (2007) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069070110040301 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J., & Pavelescu, L. M. (2019) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2019.1675667 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationIs multilingualism linked to a higher tolerance of ambiguity?
Dewaele, J., & Wei, L. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000570 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategic Processing in Grammar Learning: Do Multilinguals Use More Strategies?
Kemp, C. (2007) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.2167/ijm099.0 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
A Strong Inference Approach to Causal Factors in Foreign Language Learning: A Response to MacIntyre
sparks, R. L., & Ganschow, L. (1995) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1995.tb05436.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Dewaele, J. (2010) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral.2010.006 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety and EFL: does multilingualism matter?
Thompson, A. S., & Lee, J. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2012.713322 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Classroom anxiety and enjoyment in CLIL and non-CLIL: Does the target language matter?
De Smet, A., Mettewie, L., Galand, B., Hiligsmann, P., & Van Mensel, L. (2018) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Participation in community sports centres: Motives and predictors of enjoyment
Ashford, B., Biddle, S., & Γούδας, Μ. (1993) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419308729992 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
(2016) · BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationForeign language anxiety in Turkey: the role of multilingualism
Thompson, A. S., & Khawaja, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2015.1031136 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Ghorbandordinejad, F., & Ahmadabad, R. M. (2015) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-015-9371-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Integrating Fundamental Principles Underlying Somatic Practices into the Dance Technique Class
Brodie, J. A., & Lobel, E. E. (2004) · Journal of Dance Education · doi:10.1080/15290824.2004.10387263 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Relative Importance of Learning Variables on L2 Performance
Olivares‐Cuhat, G. (2010) · Linguistik Online · doi:10.13092/lo.43.415 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of Foreign Language Anxiety and Perceived Competence on Learning Strategy Use
Liu, H.-J. (2013) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v3n3p76 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Anxiety And Language Learning From A Stages Of Processing Perspective
MacIntyre, P. D. (1992) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-perception of English Ability: Is it related to proficiency and/or class performance?
Takahashi, A., & 高橋, 歩. (2009) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Using correspondence analysis to model immigrant multilingualism over time
Schrauf, R. W. (2013) · Hamburg studies on linguistic diversity · doi:10.1075/hsld.2.04sch · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Coffman, Jana M. T. 2018. The Effect of HL Exposure on Content Acquisition, Metalinguistic Awareness, and L2 Motivation, Enjoyment, and Interest in the University Foreign Language Classroom. International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences 3(8). 15-26.
- Dewaele, Jean-Marc, & Li Wei 2013. Is multilingualism linked to a higher tolerance of ambiguity? Bilingualism: Language & Cognition 16(1), 231-240.
- Zhao, Aiping & Aaron Whitchurch. 2011. Anxiety and its Associated Factors in College-Level Chinese Classrooms in the U.S. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 46(3). 21-47.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Taking stock: A meta-analysis of the effects of foreign language enjoyment
Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2022) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.2.3 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J.-M., Botes, E., & Greiff, S. (2023) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263122000328 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationValidating the Short-form Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale
Botes, E., van der Westhuizen, L., Dewaele, J., MacIntyre, P. D., & Greiff, S. (2022) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amac018 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J.-M., Botes, E., & Meftah, R. (2023) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190523000016 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationResnik, P., & Dewaele, J. (2021) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2020-0096 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationDai, K., & Wang, Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103339 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Resnik, P., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2020) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102324 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J., & Li, C. (2022) · Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cjal-2022-0104 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J.-M., & Proietti Ergün, A. L. (2020) · Journal of the European Second Language Association · doi:10.22599/jesla.65 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationSecond language anxiety: Construct, effects, and sources
Papi, M., & Khajavy, G. H. (2023) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190523000028 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The merit of grit and emotions in L2 Chinese online language achievement: a case of Arabian students
Zhao, X., Sun, P. P., & Gong, M. (2023) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2023.2202403 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Fathi, J., Pawlak, M., Kruk, M., & Naderi, M. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688231182176 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A Review of Foreign Language Enjoyment and Engagement
Zeng, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737613 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Dewaele, J., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Lingüística Aplicada · doi:10.1590/1984-6398202218487 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, X., & Li, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1050226 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Botes, E., Dewaele, J., & Greiff, S. (2022) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12807 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationLin, J., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04948-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gao, X. (2023) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2022.2150196 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Let’s get positive: How foreign language teaching enjoyment can create a positive feedback loop
Yang, S., Noughabi, M. A., Botes, E., & Dewaele, J. (2023) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.32358 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationCan personality predict foreign language classroom emotions? The devil’s in the detail
Botes, E., Dewaele, J., Greiff, S., & Goetz, T. (2023) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263123000153 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationBensalem, E., Thompson, A. S., & Alenazi, F. H. (2023) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2023.2200750 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, Q., & Jiang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.798650 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ergün, A. L. P., & Demirdağ, H. E. (2022) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2022.2057504 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Liu, M. (2022) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-020-00550-w · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-guides, enjoyment, gender, and achievement: a survey of Chinese EFL high school students
Liu, E., Wang, J., & Bai, S. (2022) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2022.2153854 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Resnik, P., Moskowitz, S., & Panicacci, A. (2021) · Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning · doi:10.52598/jpll/3/2/7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dewaele, J., & Meftah, R. (2023) · Journal of the European Second Language Association · doi:10.22599/jesla.94 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, J., & Meftah, R. (2024) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2024.101962 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, J., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102638 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Liu, E., & Wang, J. (2023) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2023.2177653 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Calafato, R. (2024) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069231225729 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Fattahi, N., Ebn-Abbasi, F., Botes, E., & Nushi, M. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688231194286 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, X., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, L. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211041714 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Barrios, E., & Acosta-Manzano, I. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211054046 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yang, K., Gan, Z., & Sun, M. (2024) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688241268891 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Enjoyment in foreign language learning: A systematic review
Zhang, Z., Gao, X. A., & Liu, T. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37215 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Alqarni, N. A. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103462 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
sparks, R. L., & Alamer, A. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10410-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
English Classroom Anxiety, Learning Style and English Achievement in Chinese University EFL Students
Liu, M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813697 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Alqarni, N. A. (2021) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.20.11.4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cong, W., & Li, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847383 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Does multilingualism affect foreign language classroom anxiety and foreign language enjoyment?
Dewaele, J., Ferrer, M. S., Ahmed, I. K., & Albakistani, A. (2024) · Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras · doi:10.30827/portalin.viix.29895 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Z., & Li, X. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03049-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dewaele, J., Botes, E., & Greiff, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/d2axt · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMan, D., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2517304 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A latent profiling approach to foreign language enjoyment and L2 achievement
Gao, M. (2024) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2024.2380391 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tang, F., & Calafato, R. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12738 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ergün, A. L. P., & Demirdağ, H. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1007534 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dewaele, J., Meftah, R., & Zhou, L. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-023-00141-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotions in English language classrooms among Chinese top university students
Liu, M., Wu, X., & Yang, F. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67880-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dewaele, J. (2021) · ITL Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/itl.21019.dew · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, M., & Du, N. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16198707 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Impact of ChatGPT on EFL Medical Track Students' Affective Filter
Almineeai, A. M. S., Alrashed, M. A., Hezam, T. A., Alharthi, A. F., & Alharthi, S. F. (2025) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.17507/jltr.1601.17 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wang, X., & Yao, X. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103753 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fathi, J., & Behzadpoor, S.-F. (2025) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.39160 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kusumaningputri, R. (2023) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2023.2173758 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Li, C., & Sun, P. P. (2026) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251411484 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kalan, M. Š., Muñoz–Basols, J., García, P. R., Strawbridge, T., & Sánchez-Gutiérrez, C. (2024) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2024.2314626 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bai, B., Zang, X., & Guo, W. (2024) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-10011-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Waked, A., El-Moussa, O. J., Pilotti, M., Mulhem, H. A., Alaoui, K. E., & Ahmed, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1288611 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A cross-lagged panel analysis of second language achievement and enjoyment
Gao, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1046909 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ebn-Abbasi, F., Fattahi, N., Dewaele, J., & Botes, E. (2025) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s027226312500004x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationTopalov, J. P., Knežević, L. J., & Halupka-Rešetar, S. (2023) · ESP Today · doi:10.18485/esptoday.2023.11.2.10 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Liu, H.-G., Lu, X., & Yan, Y. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06123-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tribushinina, E., & Boz, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1521340 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dewaele, J., Guedat‐Bittighoffer, D., Botes, E., & Dat, M. (2024) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr-2023-0012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, Z., & Sun, P. P. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70115 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Man, D., Zhou, Q., & Li, Z. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103854 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enjoyment and second/foreign language learning: a three-level meta-analysis
Chen, X., Dewaele, J., & Zhou, Z. (2026) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2026.2699419 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationJin, Z., Guan, K., Feng, Y., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1473649 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Affect as a component of second language speech perception
Burton, J. D., & Winke, P. M. (2025) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263125000063 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Imsa-ard, P. (2025) · rEFLections · doi:10.61508/refl.v32i1.275575 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jabbari, N., Zarrinabadi, N., & Amini, F. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2513983 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ansiedad y producción oral en estudiantes multilingües de secundaria y universitarios
Kalan, M. Š., & Pavlić, A. (2024) · Journal of Spanish Language Teaching · doi:10.1080/23247797.2024.2343461 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, B., Zeng, Y., & Pawlak, M. (2025) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2024.2445252 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Percepciones sobre la ansiedad comunicativa hacia el inglés en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca
Santos, A. (2023) · Bellaterra Journal of Teaching & Learning Language & Literature · doi:10.5565/rev/jtl3.1131 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Investigating Chinese university students’ foreign language enjoyment and anxiety in the EFL class
Wu, H. (2024) · Language Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1515/cercles-2024-2003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Koşkulu‐Sancar, S., Stolvoort, J., Oppeneer, N., de Graaff, R., Paradis, J., & Tribushinina, E. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100631 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Validating the Japanese version of the short-form foreign language enjoyment scale
Xethakis, L. J., Rupp, M. J., Edwards, O. E., Howarth, M., & Kawagoe, T. (2025) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2025.100270 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
University Students' Foreign Language Learning Behaviours in the Online Environment
Maican, M. A., & Cocoradă, E. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6035-1.ch002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring Language Anxiety Among Turkish Heritage Language Learners in Germany
Ergüt, S. E., & Baş, B. (2023) · Sustainable Multilingualism · doi:10.2478/sm-2023-0006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Enjoyment of Foreign Language Learning: A Systematic ReviewPreprint
Zhang, Z., Gao, X. A., & Liu, T. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4886419 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Botes, E., Dewaele, J., & Greiff, S. (2025) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.50363 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of L2 Enjoyment on Classroom Behavior Engagement of Middle School Students
钟, 光. (2024) · Advances in Education · doi:10.12677/ae.2024.146967 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The impact of foreign language enjoyment and engagement on students' learning outcome
Zhang, X., Li, F., Liu, R. W., & Ping, W. (2025) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd10529 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cultural moderation in second language Chinese learning
Muzi, L., Yap, T. T., & Peng, C. F. (2025) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/9y00wf80 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
López, F. J. Á., & Ibarra, N. V. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2558042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, Y., & Rasool, Z. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251368644 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shamushaki, M. T. B., & Zhaleh, K. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106412 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, P., Ganushchak, L. Y., Welie, C., & van Steensel, R. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10141-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Testing discontinuity in the foreign language classroom anxiety–proficiency link
Saito, K., Dewaele, J., & González, J. O. (2026) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/02676583261473361 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationChinese EFL Learners’ Emotion, Engagement and Language Achievement: A Latent Profile AnalysisV
Feng, E. (2022) · Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research · doi:10.53469/jissr.2022.09(01).31 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multilingualism in Bugis Language Context: A Case Study on English Language Teaching Interactions
Zainuddin, A. H. A., Masruddin, & Thayyib, M. (2024) · FOSTER Journal of English Language Teaching · doi:10.24256/foster-jelt.v5i1.156 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wangdi, T., & Zimik, H. R. (2024) · The Journal of AsiaTEFL · doi:10.18823/asiatefl.2024.21.1.17.244 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring Enjoyment and Flow among Monolingual and Bilingual Learners of English
Biró, E., & Kató, B. (2024) · Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Philologica · doi:10.47745/ausp-2024-0018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Review of Selected Empirical Research on Foreign Language Enjoyment and Foreign Language Anxiety
Mierzwa-Kamińska, E. (2025) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86122-2_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Becoming trilingual: self-efficacy in acquiring English and Chinese in digital EMI classrooms
Waluyo, B., & Songkhai, K. (2025) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2025.2528653 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Albert, Á., & Csizér, K. (2025) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.49262 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
International Posture Of Malaysian Learners In Arabic Programme
Bakar, K. A., Asbulah, L. H., Soad, N. F. A. M., & Ahmad, M. F. (2023) · Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning · doi:10.18860/ijazarabi.v6i3.23842 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Review on Foreign Language Enjoyment and Its Pedagogical Implications
Xi, C., & Fu, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v14i2.19392
- Authors
- Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Botes, E’Louise
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Linguistics
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2020-09-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 279-306
- ISSN
- 2192-9521 (ISSN-L)
- 2192-953X
- OpenAlex
- W3088003724
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 55.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Linguistics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg (PRIDE15/10921377/CALIDIE/Hu, 10921377)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Second Language Learning and Teaching
- Keywords
- multilingualism, self-perceived proficiency, foreign language enjoyment, foreign language anxiety, positive emotions, negative emotions, foreign language learning, psychological needs, positive psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
