The effect of multilingualism, sociobiographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners
Abstract
The present study focuses on individual differences in levels of communicative anxiety (CA) and foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the first (L1), second (L2), third (L3) and fourth (L4) language of 106 adult language learners. Data were collected about CA/FLA levels when speaking with friends, with strangers, and speaking in public. The analyses revealed that multilinguals do experience more CA in stressful situations in their L1, but that levels of FLA are higher in languages learnt later in life. The knowledge of more languages was linked to lower levels of FLA in the L2. Female participants were only found to experience higher levels of CA in L1 public speech. Older participants tended to report higher levels of CA/FLA across languages. Rank orders for CA/FLA were significantly similar across the L1, L2, L3, and L4, which suggests that levels of CA/FLA are relatively stable and could be linked to a lower order personality trait such as emotional intelligence.
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SLA researchers have mostly focused on the negative face of emotion, with anxiety being the most studied topic.
“It is fair to say that SLA researchers have mostly focused on the negative face of emotion, with anxiety being the most studied topic (Dewaele, 2007;Horwitz, 2001;Lu & Liu, 2011;MacIntyre, 1999;MacIntyre & Gardner, 1991c;Saito, Garza, & Horwitz, 1999;Scovel, 1978; and for a review, see Horwitz's (2010) research timeline).”
From The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom (2014) · cites this paper as Dewaele, 2007
Section 3.1 traces foreign-language anxiety research back to the 1970s and discusses multiple strands of that research. The paper therefore supports anxiety as an established SLA research topic, but the passages do not establish that SLA researchers have mostly studied negative emotions or that anxiety is the most studied emotion. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Dewaele, J.-M.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dewaele, Jean-Marc
- ORCID
- Dewaele, Jean-Marc
- Venue
- International Journal of Bilingualism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 391-409
- ISSN
- 1367-0069 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-6878
- OpenAlex
- W2035901651
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Bilingualism (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- communication apprehension, foreign language anxiety, multilingualism, adult language learners, individual differences, situational factors, language order, emotional intelligence, public speaking anxiety, gender differences, age differences
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