A Meta-Analysis of Performance Response Under Thermal Stressors
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Objective: Quantify the effect of thermal stressors on human performance. Background: Most reviews of the effect of environmental stressors on human performance are qualitative. A quantitative review provides a stronger aid in advancing theory and practice. Method: Meta-analytic methods were applied to the available literature on thermal stressors and performance. A total of 291 references were collected. Forty-nine publications met the selection criteria, providing 528 effect sizes for analysis. Results: Analyses confirmed a substantial negative effect on performance associated with thermal stressors. The overall effect size for heat was comparable to that for cold. Cognitive performance was least affected by thermal stressors, whereas both psychomotor and perceptual task performance were degraded to a greater degree. Other variables were identified that moderated thermal effects. Conclusion: Results confirmed the importance of task type, exposure duration, and stressor intensity as key variables impacting how thermal conditions affect performance. Results were consistent with the theory that stress forces the individual to allocate attentional resources to appraise and cope with the threat, which reduces the capacity to process task-relevant information. This represents a maladaptive extension of the narrowing strategy, which acts to maintain stable levels of response when stress is first encountered. Application: These quantitative estimates can be used to design thermal tolerance limits for different task types. Although results indicate the necessity for further research on a variety of potentially influential factors such as acclimatization, the current summary provides effect size estimates that should be useful in respect to protecting individuals exposed to adverse thermal conditions.
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Tight control of core body temperature is a prerequisite for maintaining physical and mental performance.
“It is well known that the tight control of CBT is a prerequisite for maintaining physical1 and mental2 performance.”
From Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
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KJELLSTROM, T., LEMKE, B., & OTTO, M. (2013) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2012-0174 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Aisbett, B., Wolkow, A., Sprajcer, M., & Ferguson, S. A. (2012) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2011.12.013 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions
Stahn, A. C., Werner, A., Opatz, O., Maggioni, M. A., Steinach, M., von Ahlefeld, V. W., Moore, A., Crucian, B. E., Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15560-w · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Zhang, F., & de Dear, R. (2017) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12296 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Spinelli, J. C., Suleski, B. J., Wright, D. E., Grow, J. L., Fagans, G. R., Buckley, M. J., Yang, D. S., Yang, K., Beil, S. M., Wallace, J. C., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01466-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hancock, P. A., Ross, J. M., & Szalma, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hancock, P.A.
- Venue
- Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 851-877
- ISSN
- 0018-7208 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-8181
- OpenAlex
- W1967202115
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Keywords
- thermal stress (biology), human performance, heat stress, cold stress, cognitive performance, psychomotor performance, perceptual performance, attentional resources, exposure duration, stressor intensity, task type
- MeSH terms
- Cold Temperature, Environmental Exposure, Hot Temperature, Humans, Psychomotor Performance, Stress, Physiological
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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