The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evaluating Faces on Trustworthiness After Minimal Time Exposure
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that trustworthiness judgments from facial appearance approximate general valence evaluation of faces (Oosterhof & Todorov, 2008) and are made after as little as 100 ms exposure to novel faces (Willis & Todorov, 2006). In Experiment 1, using better masking procedures and shorter exposures, we replicate the latter findings. In Experiment 2, we systematically manipulate the exposure to faces and show that a sigmoid function almost perfectly describes how judgments change as a function of time exposure. The agreement of these judgments with time-unconstrained judgments is above chance after 33 ms, improves with additional exposure, and does not improve with exposures longer than 167 ms. In Experiment 3, using a priming paradigm, we show that effects of face trustworthiness are detectable even when the faces are presented below the threshold of objective awareness as measured by a forced choice recognition test of the primes. The findings suggest that people automatically make valence/trustworthiness judgments from facial appearance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245 · Cited by 4,621
Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 · Cited by 3,203 · cited 1×
“…of faces are consistent with studies suggesting that the amygdala, a subcortical brain structure critical for fear conditioning (LeDoux, 2000; Phelps & LeDoux, 2005) and detection of threats in the environment (Amaral, 2002; Davis & Whalen, 2001; Whalen, 1998), plays a key role in such…”
ResultThe amygdala: vigilance and emotion
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000812 · Cited by 2,882
Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review
Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390 · Cited by 2,429 · cited 1×
“…and there is abundant research about the effects of facial appearance on social outcomes (e.g., Blair, Judd, & Chapleau, 2004; Eberhardt, Davies, Purdie-Vaughns, & Johnson, 2006; Hamermesh & Biddle, 1994; Hassin & Trope, 2000; Langlois et al., 2000; Montepare & Zebrowitz, 1998; Zebrowitz, 1999).”
BackgroundFirst Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face
Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x · Cited by 2,300
Self-citationThe human amygdala in social judgment
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30982 · Cited by 1,125
Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces
Winston, J. S., Strange, B. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn816 · Cited by 993
Bar, M., Neta, M., & Linz, H. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.269 · Cited by 693
Research works printed but not linked: 43
- 10.1037/0022-3514.55.3.387 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.3.387
- 10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.518 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.518 · Paper page
- 10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.256 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1073/pnas.0705435104 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1521/soco.1990.8.4.343 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00739.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1207/s15324834basp1504_8 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.645 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.645 · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.110 · DOI
- 10.3758/BF03202793 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01588.x · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.9.1508 · DOI · Paper page
- Hamermesh D., 1994, The American Economic Review, 84, 1174
- 10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.837 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.837
- 10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.88 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.38.3.375 · DOI
- 10.1007/BF00289990 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.686 · DOI
- 10.1086/228050 · DOI
- 10.1023/A:1027332800296 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60383-4 · DOI
- 10.2307/2580383 · DOI
- 10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.498 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1073/pnas.0805664105 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00155-2 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1521/soco.2006.24.5.607 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/h0026086 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01610.x · DOI
- 10.1196/annals.1440.012 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1126/science.1110589 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00059-3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.123 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10836912 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1126/science.1103617 · DOI · Paper page
- Whalen P. J., 1998, Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00411.1998 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.675 · DOI
- 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4977-03.2004 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0146167204271309 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1300 · DOI
- 10.1177/0146167298247006 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00109.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/01461672962212006 · DOI
Cited by
The Chicago face database: a free stimulus set of faces and norming data
Ma, D. S., Correll, J., & Wittenbrink, B. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0532-5 · Cited by 1,788
Trust and reputation in the sharing economy: The role of personal photos in Airbnb
Ert, E., Fleischer, A., & Magen, N. (2016) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.013 · Cited by 1,295
Validation of data-driven computational models of social perception of faces.
Todorov, A., Dotsch, R., Porter, J. M., Oosterhof, N. N., & Falvello, V. B. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0032335 · Cited by 226
Self-citationBrambilla, M., Sacchi, S., Pagliaro, S., & Ellemers, N. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.04.005 · Cited by 205
The social evaluation of faces: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Mende-Siedlecki, P., Said, C. P., & Todorov, A. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr090 · Cited by 193
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Todorov, A., Pakrashi, M., & Oosterhof, N. N.
- Venue
- Social Cognition
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 813-833
- ISSN
- 0278-016X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039273945
- Cited by
- 734
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evaluating Faces on Trustworthiness After Minimal Time Exposure. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.813
- The paper
- Todorov, A., Pakrashi, M., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2009). Evaluating Faces on Trustworthiness After Minimal Time Exposure. Social Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.813
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
