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Cited by 193Face Recognition and PerceptionEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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The social evaluation of faces: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies

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Mende-Siedlecki, Peter, Said, Christopher P., Todorov, Alexander·2013·Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
DOI 10.1093/scan/nsr090PMC PMC3594716
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Abstract

Neuroscience research on the social evaluation of faces has accumulated over the last decade, yielding divergent results. We used a meta-analytic technique, multi-level kernel density analysis (MKDA), to analyze 29 neuroimaging studies on face evaluation. Across negative face evaluations, we observed the most consistent activations in bilateral amygdala. Across positive face evaluations, we observed the most consistent activations in medial prefrontal cortex, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), left caudate and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Based on additional analyses comparing linear and non-linear responses, we propose a ventral/dorsal dissociation within the amygdala, wherein separate populations of neurons code for face valence and intensity, respectively. Finally, we argue that some of the differences between studies are attributable to differences in the typicality of face stimuli. Specifically, extremely attractive faces are more likely to elicit responses in NAcc/caudate and mOFC.

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  • An intact amygdala is necessary for developing appropriate interpersonal trust.

    “previous lesion studies provide strong evidence that an intact amygdala is necessary for developing appropriate interpersonal trust.[ 30 , 43 ]”

    From Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]

    The role of the amygdala in face evaluation section describes the amygdala as critical for adaptive social behavior, and the analysis of trustworthiness studies reports amygdala activity during evaluations of facial trustworthiness. The cited paper does not report lesion evidence establishing that an intact amygdala is necessary for developing appropriate interpersonal trust; its evidence concerns neuroimaging and face evaluation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The AI encodes the trustworthiness of faces.

    “The AI encodes the trustworthiness of faces[ 30 ]”

    From Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]

    Interpreting AI as anterior insula, the Results across negative contrasts report right anterior insula activation when attractiveness or trustworthiness decreased, but only after ROI-based coordinates were added. The paper does not establish that the anterior insula specifically encodes facial trustworthiness; its trustworthiness-specific comparison instead identifies the right amygdala. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The amygdala is crucially involved in the processing of social information, such as the trustworthiness or ambiguity of social stimuli.

    “The amygdala is crucially involved in the processing of social information, such as the trustworthiness or ambiguity of social stimuli, and previous lesion studies provide strong evidence that an intact amygdala is necessary for developing appropriate interpersonal trust.[ 30 , 43 ]”

    From Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]

  • Like the AI, the amygdala encodes not only the negative valence of stimuli but also signals highly untrustworthy and trustworthy faces.

    “Notably, like the AI, the amygdala encodes not only the negative valence of stimuli but also signals highly untrustworthy and trustworthy faces.[ 30 ]”

    From Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]

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Metadata

Authors
Mende-Siedlecki, P., Said, C. P., & Todorov, A.
Affiliations
  • Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 2Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA, and 3Department of Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
ORCID
Todorov, Alexander
Venue
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2012-01-27
Volume
8
Issue
3
Pages
285-299
ISSN
  • 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-5024
DOI
10.1093/scan/nsr090
PMC
PMC3594716
OpenAlex
W2112421552
Cited by
193
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
FWCI
0.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1148900, 0823749)
  • Sage Foundation
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, facial attractiveness
MeSH terms
Brain, Brain Mapping, Face, Humans, Functional Laterality, Social Perception, Databases, Factual, Nonlinear Dynamics, Functional Neuroimaging

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