Medial Frontal Cortex Activity Predicts Information Sampling in Economic Choice
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Abstract
Decision-making not only requires agents to decide what to choose but also how much information to sample before committing to a choice. Previously established frameworks for economic choice argue for a deliberative process of evidence accumulation across time. These tacitly acknowledge a role of information sampling in that decisions are only made once sufficient evidence is acquired, yet few experiments have explicitly placed information sampling under the participant9s control. Here, we use fMRI to investigate the neural basis of information sampling in economic choice by allowing participants (n = 30, sex not recorded) to actively sample information in a multistep decision task. We show that medial frontal cortex (MFC) activity is predictive of further information sampling before choice. Choice difficulty (inverse value difference, keeping sensory difficulty constant) was also encoded in MFC, but this effect was explained away by the inclusion of information sampling as a coregressor in the general linear model. A distributed network of regions across the prefrontal cortex encoded key features of the sampled information at the time it was presented. We propose that MFC is an important controller of the extent to which information is gathered before committing to an economic choice. This role may explain why MFC activity has been associated with evidence accumulation in previous studies in which information sampling was an implicit rather than explicit feature of the decision. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The decisions we make are determined by the information we have sampled before committing to a choice. Accumulator frameworks of decision-making tacitly acknowledge the need to sample further information during the evidence accumulation process until a decision boundary is reached. However, relatively few studies explicitly place this decision to sample further information under the participant9s control. In this fMRI study, we find that MFC activity is related to information sampling decisions in a multistep economic choice task. This suggests that an important role of evidence representations within MFC may be to guide adaptive sequential decisions to sample further information before committing to a final decision.
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Activity in ACC has been linked to information seeking and initiation of behavioral change.
“Activity in ACC has also been linked to information seeking and initiation of behavioral change14,17,22,62–66”
From Interpretable abstractions of artificial neural networks predict behavior and neural activity during human information gathering (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
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- Authors
- Kaanders, P., Nili, H., O'Reilly, J. X., & Hunt, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kaanders, Paula
- Hunt, Laurence
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2021-08-19
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 8403-8413
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC8496191
- OpenAlex
- W3193487652
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (208789, 208789/Z/17/Z, Z/17/Z, 215350/Z/19/Z)
- Royal Society (208789/Z/17/Z, Z/17/Z)
- Medical Research Council (MR/L019639/1, MR/T031344/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- information sampling, economic choice, medial frontal cortex, evidence accumulation, sequential decision making, prefrontal cortex, decision difficulty, decision boundaries
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Choice Behavior, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Economics, Behavioral
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