Sex difference and steroid modulation of pheromone-induced immediate early genes in the two zones of the mouse accessory olfactory system
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Two anatomically and neurochemically distinct zones within the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) have been identified that are responsible for the detection of pheromones. Using markers to distinguish between apical and basal neurons of the VNO neuroepithelium and rostral versus caudal AOB glomeruli, we examined immediate early gene immunoreactivity (IEG-IR) in gonadectomized, steroid-treated mice in response to pheromones of male and female conspecifics. After exposure of estradiol-treated females to soiled male bedding, more VNO neurons in the basal than the apical layer exhibited IEG-IR compared with VNO neurons of estradiol-treated males. Conversely, whereas soiled female bedding failed to induce IEG-IR in VNO neurons of estradiol-treated males or females, both apical and basal neurons were activated in testosterone-treated males. Male and female pheromones also activated mitral and granule cells in the AOBs of all subjects, but responses to different pheromones were distributed across the boundary of the rostral and caudal regions. These data show that differences in the response of males and females to the same pheromonal stimulus are found in the sensory neurons of the VNO. We propose that centrifugal, noradrenergic inputs to VNO neurons, which may differ in the two sexes and respond differently to adult sex steroids, modulate sensitivity to pheromonal stimulation.
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Responses of VNO sensory neurons can be modulated by hormones, internal status, and sensory experience in a sex-specific manner.
“Indeed, a number of studies have shown that responses of VNO sensory neurons can be modulated by hormones, internal status, and sensory experience in a sex-specific manner (Dey et al., 2015; Halem et al., 2001; Tachikawa et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2016).”
From Neuronal Representation of Social Information in the Medial Amygdala of Awake Behaving Mice (2017) · cites this paper as Halem et al., 2001
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- Authors
- Halem, H. A., Baum, M. J., & Cherry, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-04-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2474-2480
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6762392
- OpenAlex
- W2168851853
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29dc003019-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH059200, MH 59200)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC03019)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007387, T32 HD07387)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- vomeronasal organ, accessory olfactory bulb, pheromone detection, sex differences, immediate early genes, estradiol, testosterone, gonadectomy, noradrenergic input
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Estradiol, Female, Male, Neurons, Olfactory Bulb, Pheromones, Sex Characteristics, Genes, Immediate-Early, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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