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No Effect of Commercial Cognitive Training on Brain Activity, Choice Behavior, or Cognitive Performance
Open accessAbstract
Increased preference for immediate over delayed rewards and for risky over certain rewards has been associated with unhealthy behavioral choices.Motivated by evidence that enhanced cognitive control can shift choice behavior away from immediate and risky rewards, we tested whether training executive cognitive function could influence choice behavior and brain responses.In this randomized controlled trial, 128 young adults (71 male, 57 female) participated in 10 weeks of training with either a commercial web-based cognitive training program or web-based video games that do not specifically target executive function or adapt the level of difficulty throughout training.Pretraining and post-training, participants completed cognitive assessments and functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of the following validated decision-making tasks: delay discounting (choices between smaller rewards now vs larger rewards in the future) and risk sensitivity (choices between larger riskier rewards vs smaller certain rewards).Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no evidence that cognitive training influences neural activity during decision-making; nor did we find effects of cognitive training on measures of delay discounting or risk sensitivity.Participants in the commercial training condition improved with practice on the specific tasks they performed during training, but participants in both conditions showed similar improvement on standardized cognitive measures over time.Moreover, the degree of improvement was comparable to that observed in individuals who were reassessed without any training whatsoever.Commercial adaptive cognitive training appears to have no benefits in healthy young adults above those of standard video games for measures of brain activity, choice behavior, or cognitive performance.
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“Kable et al. (2017) showed that cognitive training (including working memory training) was unable to decrease DD in healthy controls.”
From Behavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Kable et al. (2017)
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“Delay-discounting task (DDT) In the delayed-discounting task 11 , subjects are presented with a dollar amount and a number of days.”
BackgroundControl beliefs and susceptibility to the promises of memory improvement
Rickenbach, E. H., Agrigoroaei, S., Hughes, M. L., & Lachman, M. E. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3544 · Cited by 2
Flexible Utility Function Approximation via Cubic Bezier Splines
Lee, S., Glaze, C. M., Bradlow, E. T., & Kable, J. W. (2020) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-020-09723-4 · Cited by 2
“We utilize ITC and RC data collected in Kable et al. (2017).”
MethodSelf-citationYe, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1037294 · Cited by 2
“Discount rates (k) in this experiment were estimated by fitting a logistic regression to data (Kable et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMamayson, R. F., & Lacanaria, M. G. C. (2023) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.7162 · Cited by 2
“18 Moreover, it was found that the gamified cognitive training implemented in one study have not improved the cognitive performance of the respondents greatly.”
BackgroundBergström, F., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00143 · Cited by 2
“In this study, we used previously published data acquired for the Retraining Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Cancer Risk Behavior (RNMCRB) study ( Kable et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationApplication of Neuroscience Methods in HRDM for Brain-Based Human Capital Optimization
Patangia, B., Rithani, J. M., & Alfonso, T. (2024) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1858-4.ch013 · Cited by 4
Functional brain network properties correlate with individual risk tolerance in young adults
Jung, W. H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35873 · Cited by 2
“Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging studies has identified several brain areas in which differences may be associated with differential risk tolerance [4,11 – 18].”
Enhancing memory performance in older adults through socially engaging cognitive training
Izhak, S. B., Yemini, A., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2025) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2025.2458142 · Cited by 3
“…2014; Simon et al., 2020; Sipilä et al., 2021; Vermeij et al., 2016; von Bastian & Oberauer, 2013; Zinke et al., 2014), other studies claimed not to find any indicative changes of cognitive improvement (e.g. Chooi & Thompson, 2012; Kable et al., 2017; Redick et al., 2013; Sprenger et al., 2013).”
Multimedia Learning with Media
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.045 · Cited by 2
Larson, K. G., Kaleda, K., & Fenstermacher, L. H. (2019) · Signal processing, sensor fusion, and target recognition. Conference · doi:10.1117/12.2522278 · Cited by 2
“While we know it is difficult to train cognitive ability [46], it might be possible to train some of the variables related to perspective and identity.”
BackgroundFoster, T. C. (2019) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.4100 · Cited by 3
Bergström, F., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557368 · Cited by 2
“…cortical complexity are deeply rooted in genetics and early neurodevelopment, and may therefore be temporally more stable in adults than grey matter volume (Armstrong et al., 1995; Kochunov et al., 2010; Zilles et al., 1988), but decline with age-93 related atrophy (Madan & Kensinger, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBergström, F., Schu, G. G., Lee, S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.04.602046 · Cited by 2
“The main trial outcomes have been described in a previous report but found no effect of cognitive training relative to active control on brain activity, decision-making, or cognitive performance (Kable et al., 2017b).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationGodefroy, V., Durand, A., Simon, M., Weber, B., Kable, J. W., Lerman, C. E., Bergström, F., Luijten, M., Groefsema, M., Sescousse, G., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612706 · Cited by 2
“In Study 2, we also used the log(k) values at baseline (see 36 ).”
MethodSelf-citationGovernmentality, Playbor, and Peak Performance
Bowman, N. D., & Condis, M. A. (2020) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3487-8.ch008 · Cited by 1
Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Liu, C., & Li, G. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16010078 · Cited by 1
“Across the 15 studies included in this meta-analysis [16–20, 23 , 32, 33 ,35– 41”
Li, G., Liu, C., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-026-00338-w · Cited by 1
John, M. E. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research · doi:10.29011/2688-9501.101256 · Cited by 1
Zdolności numeryczne jako kluczowe zdolności poznawcze w procesie podejmowania decyzji
Sobków, A., Figol, J., & Traczyk, J. (2020) · Decyzje · doi:10.7206/dec.1733-0092.139 · Cited by 1
Neural Correlates of Value Are Intrinsically History DependentPreprint
Lee, S., Lerman, C., & Kable, J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080754 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLee, S., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Zauberman, G. S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431095 · Cited by 1
“These scores were then correlated with the delay until the receipt of the delayed reward (in days), and the delayed amount (for Kable et al. 2017 only, since the delayed amount is constant in Cooper et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThresholded Partial Least Squares: Fast Construction of Interpretable Whole-brain DecodersPreprint
Lee, S., Bradlow, E. T., & Kable, J. W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430524 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLempert, K. M., Wolk, D. A., & Kable, J. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vb743 · Cited by 2
Self-citationBeyond Nudging: Generalisable and transferable learning in human decision-makingPreprint
Jarvstad, A. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9q6xk · Cited by 1
VIDEO-GAME TRAINING EFFECTS ON ATTENTION AND MEMORY IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS. BEHAVIORAL RESULTSPreprint
Ruiz-Marquez, E. (2023) · Thesis Commons (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/wt9ru · Cited by 1
Krause, J., & Baumann, L. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4634178 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kable, J. W., Caulfield, M. K., Falcone, M., McConnell, M., Bernardo, L., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Ashare, R., Audrain-McGovern, J., Hornik, R., Diefenbach, P., Lee, F. J., & Lerman, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-07-10
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 7390-7402
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC5546110
- OpenAlex
- W2736288670
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 16.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh017168-34)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH-017168)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA170297, R35CA197461)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- cognitive training, executive function, delay discounting, risk sensitivity, decision-making, brain activity, video games, adaptive training, cognitive performance, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Reward, Task Performance and Analysis, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Executive Function
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