ets-2 Promotes the Activation of a Mitochondrial Death Pathway in Down's Syndrome Neurons
Open accessAbstract
Down's syndrome (DS) is characterized by mental retardation and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are both related to neurodegeneration in DS. Several genes in chromosome 21 have been linked to neuronal death, including the transcription factor ets-2. Cortical cultures derived from normal and DS fetal brains were used to study the role of ets-2 in DS neuronal degeneration. ets-2 was expressed in normal human cortical neurons (HCNs) and was markedly upregulated by oxidative stress. When overexpressed in normal HCNs, ets-2 induced a stereotyped sequence of apoptotic changes leading to neuronal death. DS HCNs exhibit intracellular oxidative stress and increased apoptosis after the first week in culture (Busciglio and Yankner, 1995). ets-2 levels were increased in DS HCNs, and, between 7 and 14 d in vitro, DS HCNs showed increased bax, cytoplasmic translocation of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor, and active caspases 3 and 7, consistent with activation of an apoptotic mitochondrial death pathway. Degeneration of DS neurons was reduced by dominant-negative ets-2, suggesting that increased ets-2 expression promotes DS neuronal apoptosis. In the human brain, ets-2 expression was found in neurons and astrocytes. Strong ets-2 immunoreactivity was observed in DS/AD and sporadic AD brains associated with degenerative markers such as bax, intracellular Aβ, and hyperphosphorylated tau. Thus, in DS/AD and sporadic AD brains, converging pathological mechanisms leading to chronic oxidative stress and ets-2 upregulation in susceptible neurons may result in increased vulnerability by promoting the activation of a mitochondrial-dependent proapoptotic pathway of cell death.
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Several genes of chromosome 21 are directly implicated in oxidative stress, involving Cu, Zn-SOD (SOD1), ETS2, stress-inducible factor, protein S100, DSCR1, APP, BACE1.
“Several genes of chromosome 21 are directly implicated in oxidative stress, involving Cu, Zn-SOD (SOD1), ETS2 (ETS Proto-Oncogene 2) transcription factor, stress-inducible factor, protein S100, Down syndrome critical region gene 1 (DSCR1), amyloid precursor protein (APP), the β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) (Antonarakis et al. 2004; Helguera et al. 2005).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Helguera et al. 2005
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The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Pediatrics Syndromes
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Untangle the mystery behind DS-associated AD – Is APP the main protagonist?
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Okadaic acid induces apoptosis in Down syndrome fibroblasts
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Retracted
- Authors
- Helguera, P., Pelsman, A., Pigino, G., Wolvetang, E., Head, E., & Busciglio, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Monash University (AU)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-03-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2295-2303
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6726094
- OpenAlex
- W2042310988
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-38466, R01HD038466)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- ETS2, Down syndrome, neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, chromosome 21, Bax, cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-3, caspase-7, cortical neurons, neurodegeneration, amyloid-beta, hyperphosphorylated tau
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Astrocytes, Cell Survival, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cerebral Cortex, Diagnostic Imaging, DNA-Binding Proteins, Down Syndrome, Fetus, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Mitochondria, Nerve Degeneration, Neurons, Time Factors, Transcription Factors, Transfection, Blotting, Western, Signal Transduction, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, tau Proteins, Neurofilament Proteins, Cell Death, Telomerase, COS Cells, Caspases, Protein Transport, Cytochromes c, Green Fluorescent Proteins, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Apoptosis Inducing Factor, Caspase 3, Polycomb-Group Proteins
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