Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease
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This study investigated cerebral glucose metabolism in very early Alzheimer's disease, before a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease is possible, using [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. First, 66 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease with a spectrum of dementia severity (Mini‐Mental State Examination score, 0–23) were recruited and studied. Cortical metabolic activity was analyzed topographically using three‐dimensional stereotactic surface projections. Regression analysis was performed for each brain pixel to predict metabolic patterns of very early disease. Predictions were tested prospectively in a group of 8 patients who complained only of memory impairment without general cognitive decline (Mini‐Mental State Examination score, 25 · 1) at the time of scanning but whose condition later progressed to probable Alzheimer's disease. Both results were compared to cerebral metabolic activity in 22 age‐similar normal control subjects. Prediction and analysis of actual patients consistently indicated marked metabolic reduction (21–22%) in the posterior cingulate cortex and cinguloparietal transitional area in patients with very early Alzheimer's disease. Mean metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex was significantly greater than that in the lateral neocortices or parahippocampal cortex. The result suggests a functional importance for the posterior cingulate cortex in impairment of learning and memory, which is a feature of very early Alzheimer's disease.
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Compelling evidence links neurodegeneration to altered brain metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction, both of which are early hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.
“Compelling evidence links neurodegeneration to altered brain metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction, both of which are early hallmarks of AD [21–28].”
From Neuronal Apolipoprotein E4 Expression Results in Proteome-Wide Alterations and Compromises Bioenergetic Capacity by Disrupting Mitochondrial Function (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
The Discussion reports severe metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex at a very early stage of Alzheimer’s disease and discusses a possible link to neural degeneration. It does not establish mitochondrial dysfunction as an early hallmark; its discussion of cytochrome oxidase concerns neuronal activity, not a finding of mitochondrial dysfunction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn very early phases of AD, a significant loss of σ1R occurs in the brain.
“Instead, in the very early phases of AD, a significant loss of σ1R occurs in the brain [115,116].”
From Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Beyond Symptomatic Therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [116]
The Discussion and Fig. 3 report reduced energy metabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer’s disease. Searches of our full-text copy for σ1R and sigma receptors found no passage addressing receptor loss; metabolic reduction does not establish that claim. Page numbers were unavailable in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe precuneus is known to be an area of early amyloid deposition in both sporadic and autosomal dominant AD.
“The precuneus region, which is known to be an area of early deposition in both sporadic Alzheimer’s disease and autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease,4,23,24 was chosen for analysis of amyloid deposition.”
From Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
The posterior cingulate and precuneus show selective vulnerability in conditions such as carbon monoxide poisoning (acute hypoxia), diffuse brain ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease.
“Finally, we note the selective vulnerability of the posterior cingulate and precuneus in such conditions as carbon monoxide poisoning [i.e., acute hypoxia (34)], diffuse brain ischemia (35), and Alzheimer's disease (32).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [32]
Patients with Alzheimer's disease show early reductions of metabolic activity in the posterior cingulate and precuneus.
“Furthermore, patients with Alzheimer's disease show early reductions of metabolic activity in this area (32) and have been reported to show abnormalities in the processing of extrafoveal information (33).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Minoshima, S., Giordani, B., Berent, S., Frey, K. A., Foster, N. L., & Kuhl, D. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-94
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2144631174
- Cited by
- 1,802
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 17.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐)
- University of Michigan
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns024896-15, 1p30ag008808-01)
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG008671, P30 AG08808, P50 AG08671)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS24896)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, posterior cingulate cortex, brain glucose metabolism, FDG-PET, memory impairment, dementia severity, disease progression prediction, learning and memory
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Deoxyglucose, Energy Metabolism, Female, Glucose, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Male, Memory, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stereotaxic Techniques, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Radiopharmaceuticals, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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