Postmortem Brain Tissue of Depressed Suicides Reveals Increased Gsα Localization in Lipid Raft Domains Where It Is Less Likely to Activate Adenylyl Cyclase
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Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that Gsα migrates from a Triton X-100 (TX-100)-insoluble membrane domain (lipid raft) to a TX-100-soluble nonraft membrane domain in response to chronic, but not acute, treatment with tricyclic or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. This migration resulted in a more facile association with adenylyl cyclase. Our hypothesis is that Gsα may be ensconced, to a greater extent, in lipid rafts during depression, and that one action of chronic antidepressant treatment is to reverse this. In this postmortem study, we examined Gsα membrane localization in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex of brains from nonpsychiatric control subjects and suicide cases with confirmed unipolar depression. Sequential TX-100 and TX-114 detergent extractions were performed on the brain tissue. In the cerebellum, the ratio of TX-100/TX-114-soluble Gsα is ∼2:1 for control versus depressed suicides. Results with prefrontal cortex samples from each group demonstrate a similar trend. These data suggest that depression localizes Gsα to a membrane domain (lipid rafts) where it is less likely to couple to adenylyl cyclase and that antidepressants may upregulate Gsα signaling via disruption of membrane microenvironments. Raft localization of Gsα in human peripheral tissue may thus serve as a biomarker for depression and as a harbinger of antidepressant responsiveness.
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One potential mechanism by which sertraline may cause PKA activation is by liberating G-protein alpha(s) subunits from membrane-associated lipid rafts.
“One potential mechanism by which sertraline may cause this PKA activation is by liberating G-protein alpha(s) subunits from membrane-associated lipid rafts.70, 71, 72, 73”
From Antidepressants increase human hippocampal neurogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor (2011) · cites this paper as [71]
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Self-citationQuantitative Profiling of Brain Lipid Raft Proteome in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome
Kalinowska, M., Castillo, C., & Francesconi, A. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121464 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Interactome Hypothesis of Depression
Cocchi, M., Gabrielli, F., Tonello, L., & Pregnolato, M. (2010) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.14704/nq.2010.8.4.318 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Extra virgin olive oil and oleic acid.
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., Álvarez, J. R. M., Lercker, G., & Caramia, G. (2009) · Nutrición clínica y dietética hospitalaria/Nutrición clínica, dietética hospitalaria · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Human depression: a new approach in quantitative psychiatry
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., & Rasenick, M. M. (2010) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-9-25 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationMast Cells, Astrocytes, Arachidonic Acid: Do They Play a Role in Depression?
Traina, G., & Cocchi, M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10103455 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cocchi, M., Minuto, C., Tonello, L., Gabrielli, F., Bernroider, G., Tuszyński, J. A., Cappello, F., & Rasenick, M. M. (2017) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-017-0356-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, J., Hu, X., Li, Y., Li, S., Wang, T., Wang, D., Gao, Y., Wang, Q., Zhou, J., & Wan, C. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103491 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Donati, R. J., Schappi, J. M., Czysz, A. H., Jackson, A. R., & Rasenick, M. M. (2015) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0178-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationDo mood disorders play a role in pig welfare?
Cocchi, M., Sardi, L., Tonello, L., & Martelli, G. (2009) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4081/ijas.2009.691 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lyman, K. A., Han, Y., Zhou, C., Renteria, I., Besing, G.-L., Kurz, J. E., & Chetkovich, D. M. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl4580 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chukaew, P., Leow, A., Saengsawang, W., & Rasenick, M. M. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0724-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationRiggs, L. M., Pereira, E. F. R., Thompson, S. M., & Gould, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00326.2023 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Benedetti, S., Bucciarelli, S., Canestrari, F., Catalani, S., Mandolini, S., Marconi, V., Mastrogiacomo, A. R., Silvestri, R., Tagliamonte, M. C., Venanzini, R., et al. (2014) · Open Journal of Depression · doi:10.4236/ojd.2014.32011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brambilla, A., Lonati, E., Milani, C., Rizzo, A. M., Farina, F., Botto, L., Masserini, M., Palestini, P., & Bulbarelli, A. (2015) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder: The Concept of Symmetry Breaking
Cocchi, M., Gabrielli, F., Pessa, E., Pregnolato, M., Tonello, L., & Zizzi, P. (2012) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.14704/nq.2012.10.4.577 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cocchi, M., & Tonello, L. (2010) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-9-s1-s26 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Consciousness and Hallucinations: Molecular Considerations and Theoretical Questions
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., Gabrielli, F., & Pregnolato, M. (2011) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.14704/nq.2011.9.1.374 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gαs, adenylyl cyclase, and their relationship to the diagnosis and treatment of depression
Schappi, J. M., & Rasenick, M. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1012778 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Regulatory Roles of Cerebellar Glycosphingolipid Microdomains/Lipid Rafts
Komatsuya, K., Kikuchi, N., Hirabayashi, T., & Kasahara, K. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065566 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Antidepressants enter cells, organelles, and membranes
Blumenfeld, Z., Bera, K., Ċastrén, E., & Lester, H. A. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01725-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Senese, N. B., & Rasenick, M. M. (2021) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/molpharm.120.000226 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMooney, J. J., SAMSON, J. A., McHale, N. L., Pappalarado, K. M., Alpert, J. E., & Schildkraut, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wray, N. H., & Rasenick, M. M. (2019) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.04.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationDocosahexaenoic acid alters Gsα localization in lipid raft and potentiates adenylate cyclase
Zhu, Z.-R., Tan, Z., Li, Y., Luo, H., Hu, X., Tang, M., Hescheler, J., Mu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Receptor signaling and the cell biology of synaptic transmission
Yu, J.-Z., & Rasenick, M. M. (2012) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00002-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPolit, A., Mystek, P., & Błasiak, E. (2021) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes11030222 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biological and Anthropological- Existential Hypothesis on Depression
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., Gabrielli, F., & Pregnolato, M. (2011) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Examining epigenetic aging in the post-mortem brain in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Shastri, G. G., Sudre, G. P., Ahn, K., Jung, B., Kolachana, B. S., Auluck, P. K., Elnitski, L. L., & Shaw, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1480761 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A simple platelet biomarker is associated with symptom severity in major depressive disorder
Günay, A., Targum, S. D., Leow, A., Ajilore, O., & Rasenick, M. M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02941-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of lipid rafts in human platelets using nuclear magnetic resonance: A pilot study
Ceñido, J. F., Itin, B., Stark, R. E., Huang, Y.-Y., Oquendo, M. A., Mann, J. J., & Sublette, M. E. (2017) · Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Serum Fatty Acid Latent Classes Are Associated With Suicide in a Large Military Personnel Sample
Ryan, A. T., Postolache, T. T., Taub, D. D., Wilcox, H. C., Ghahramanlou‐Holloway, M., Umhau, J. C., & Deuster, P. A. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.20m13275 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Donati, R. J., & Rasenick, M. M. (2008) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/14796708.3.5.511 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationNew insights into the molecular pathophysiology and treatment of depression
Chattaraj, B., Karmakar, S., & Jash, R. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Metabolomics in stress-related disorders: a systematic review and bioinformatics analysis
Mezzomo, G., Schons, T., da Rosa, P. H., Ziani, P. R., Pedroso, L. S., Rocha, G., Alves, P. P., Pulcinelli, R. R., & Rosa, A. R. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04542-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hoertel, N., Mühle, C., MÜLLER, C. P., Chaieb, H., Scheer, V., Fayad, M., Rico, M. S., Limosin, F., & Kornhuber, J. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03649-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mood Psychopathologies: An Integrated Complexity-Based Interpretation
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., & Gabrielli, F. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.53030 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., & Gabrielli, F. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/59392 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Neurotransmitter Systems in Suicide
Dwivedi, Y. (2015) · Advances in biological psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000435768 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationA dialogue on the issue of the “quantum brain” between consciousness and unconsciousness
Cocchi, M., Gabrielli, F., Tonello, L., & Tuszyński, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/jin-170062 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rafting toward a depression biomarker
Rasenick, M. M. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02071-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationCell Membrane and Consciousness: A Journey Through Biology, Mathematics and Philosophy
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., & Gabrielli, F. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stream of consciousness: Quantum and biochemical assumptions regarding psychopathology
Tonello, L., Cocchi, M., Gabrielli, F., & Tuszyński, J. A. (2017) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.02.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Role of Membrane Microdomains in Serotonin Receptor Functions
Labus, J., Wirth, A., Zeug, A., & Ponimaskin, E. G. (2017) · Springer series in biophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66601-3_12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saengsawang, W., Chukaew, P., & Rasenick, M. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821618-7.00123-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced Consumption of Olive Oil: A Risk for Ischemic Heart Disease?
Cocchi, M., & Lercker, G. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/54035
Biomarkers and Surrogate Markers in Drug Development
Cutler, N. R., Sramek, J. J., Murphy, M. F., Riordan, H., Bieck, P. R., & Carta, A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318579.ch4
Dwivedi, Y. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139519502.039
Self-citationResearch: Mediators and Moderators
Koslow, S. H., Ruiz, P., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139519502.033
Minds, Membranes, Microtubules and Madness. Current Progress in QPP-Related Research.
Pregnolato, M., Pizzi, R. M. R., Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., & Rasenik, M. (2013) · doi:10.13140/2.1.2422.2726
Cocchi, M., Tonello, L., & Gabrielli, F. (2014) · Open Journal of Depression · doi:10.4236/ojd.2014.31003
Targum, S. D., Günay, A., Leow, A., Ajilore, O., Rapaport, M. H., & Rasenick, M. M. (2025) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1619243
Self-citation
- Authors
- Donati, R. J., Dwivedi, Y., Roberts, R. C., Conley, R. R., Pandey, G. N., & Rasenick, M. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-03-19
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3042-3050
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6670711
- OpenAlex
- W2058245744
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
- U.S. Public Health Service (MH 39595)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH60744, R01-MH48153, MH 39595, R01MH068777, R01MH048153, K01MH001836, R01MH060744, MH 01836, MH60744, MH 068777, R01MH039595)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA020568, R21DA020568)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- Gs protein, lipid rafts, major depressive disorder, suicide, adenylate cyclase, membrane localization, antidepressants, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, Triton X-100 extraction, depression biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Depression, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Postmortem Changes, Suicide, Case-Control Studies, GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs, Membrane Microdomains
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