AMPA receptor-induced local brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling mediates motor recovery after stroke
Open accessAbstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Recovery after stroke shares similar molecular and cellular properties with learning and memory. A main component of learning-induced plasticity involves signaling through AMPA receptors (AMPARs). We systematically tested the role of AMPAR function in motor recovery in a mouse model of focal stroke. AMPAR function controls functional recovery beginning 5 d after the stroke. Positive allosteric modulators of AMPARs enhance recovery of limb control when administered after a delay from the stroke. Conversely, AMPAR antagonists impair motor recovery. The contributions of AMPARs to recovery are mediated by release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in periinfarct cortex, as blocking local BDNF function in periinfarct cortex blocks AMPAR-mediated recovery and prevents the normal pattern of motor recovery. In contrast to a delayed AMPAR role in motor recovery, early administration of AMPAR agonists after stroke increases stroke damage. These findings indicate that the role of glutamate signaling through the AMPAR changes over time in stroke: early potentiation of AMPAR signaling worsens stroke damage, whereas later potentiation of the same signaling system improves functional recovery.
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Stroke alone modestly but significantly induces axonal sprouting in the motor cortex adjacent to the stroke site compared to normal motor system connections.
“As reported previously3,4,28,29, stroke alone modestly but significantly induces axonal sprouting in the motor cortex adjacent to the stroke site compared to normal motor system connections (Supplementary Fig. 6b).”
From GDF10 is a signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery after stroke (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
The Results section, “Positive AMPAR modulation does not alter poststroke axonal sprouting” (page unavailable), says that neural repair after stroke involves new connections in the periinfarct cortex. It does not report that sprouting after stroke alone was modest but statistically significant relative to normal motor-system connections; its reported comparison is between stroke controls and CX1837-treated stroke mice. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStroke normally produces a limited pattern of axonal sprouting from motor or somatosensory cortex posteriorly to areas adjacent to or caudal to the stroke.
“Stroke normally produces a limited pattern of axonal sprouting from motor or somatosensory cortex posteriorly to areas adjacent to or caudal to the stroke2–4,28,29.”
From GDF10 is a signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery after stroke (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
The Results section, “Positive AMPAR modulation does not alter poststroke axonal sprouting” (page unavailable), says that repair after stroke involves new connections within periinfarct cortex and describes mapping motor-cortex connections. It does not establish that sprouting is limited, runs posteriorly toward adjacent or caudal areas, or originates from somatosensory cortex; the Methods section uses the somatosensory map to locate the traced connections. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSample size for in vivo quantitative cortical mapping studies was estimated from previous publications with similar mechanistic studies.
“Animal number in in vivo quantitative cortical mapping studies utilizes spatial correlation statistics, so sample size was estimated from previous publications with similar mechanistic studies3,4,28,29.”
From GDF10 is a signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery after stroke (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
The biopolymer hydrogel releases both small and large molecules over a 3 week period from the infarct core.
“This biopolymer hydrogel releases both small and large molecules over a 3 week period from the infarct core3,4,29.”
From GDF10 is a signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery after stroke (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
This experimental design has been validated by other groups conducting similar behavioral or tissue outcomes experiments.
“This experimental design has been validated by other groups conducting similar behavioral4 or tissue outcomes experiments3,4,28,29.”
From GDF10 is a signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery after stroke (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
AMPA receptor antagonists impair neurological outcome, as does blockade of BDNF by TrkB-Fc-impregnated hydrogel.
“AMPA receptor antagonists impair neurological outcome, as does blockade of BDNF by TrkB-Fc-impregnated hydrogel.75”
From Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
After ischaemic stroke, AMPA receptor activation by pharmacological allosteric modulators evokes BDNF release in peri-infarct cortex, enhancing motor recovery.
“Subsequent to ischaemic stroke, AMPA receptor activation by pharmacological allosteric modulators evokes the release of BDNF in the peri-infarct cortex, thus enhancing motor recovery.75”
From Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Clarkson, A. N., Overman, J. J., Zhong, S., Mueller, R., Lynch, G., & Carmichael, S. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Cortex Pharmaceuticals (United States) (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carmichael, S. Thomas
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-03-09
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3766-3775
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4698878
- OpenAlex
- W2096236127
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 20.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Larry L. Hillblom Foundation
- Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation
- Health Research Council of New Zealand
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS045729, R01NS085019)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Keywords
- AMPA receptors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, motor recovery, stroke, focal ischemic stroke, glutamate signaling, positive allosteric modulators, limb function
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Motor Skills, Blotting, Western, Signal Transduction, Receptors, AMPA, Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Recovery of Function, Rats, Long-Evans, Stroke, Mice, Rats
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