Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves

Carmichael, S. Thomas

doi:10.1002/ana.20845

Cited by 595Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsStroke Rehabilitation and RecoveryNerve injury and regeneration

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves

Carmichael, S. Thomas·2006·Annals of Neurology

DOI 10.1002/ana.20845

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Abstract

Stroke is associated with a limited degree of functional recovery. Imaging studies in humans have shown that reorganization in periinfarct and connected cortical areas most closely correlates with functional recovery after stroke. On a cellular level, two major regenerative events occur in periinfarct cortex: axons sprout new connections and establish novel projection patterns, and newly born immature neurons migrate into periinfarct cortex. Stroke induces a unique microenvironment for axonal sprouting in periinfarct cortex, in which growth‐inhibitory molecules are reduced for 1 month after the infarct. During this period, neurons activate growth‐promoting genes in successive waves. Neurogenesis also occurs through waves of migration of immature neurons from their origin in the subventricular zone into periinfarct cortex. This migration is mediated, in part, by the cytokine erythropoietin. These data indicate that the cellular environment after stroke is far from one of just death and destruction, but rather involves a longer evolving process of neuronal regeneration. Poststroke neuronal regeneration is characterized by waves of specific cellular and molecular events. Manipulating these waves of regeneration may provide for novel therapies that will improve recovery after stroke. Ann Neurol 2006;59:735–742

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A crucial time window opens in the post-acute ischaemic phase, characterised by intense neuronal sprouting, despite active inhibition of neuronal plasticity in adulthood.
“While neuronal plasticity is actively inhibited during adulthood, a crucial time window opens in the post-acute ischaemic phase that is characterised by intense neuronal sprouting.1,2”
From Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
In healthy tissue, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans secreted by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes create a growth-repulsive microenvironment for axons and dendrites.
“In healthy tissue, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans are secreted by both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes to create a growth-repulsive microenvironment for axons and dendrites.1,63”
From Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
Promotion of brain remodelling and plasticity is not limited to a sharp and well defined therapeutic window.
“The promotion of brain remodelling and plasticity is not limited to a sharp and well defined therapeutic window.1–3”
From Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation (2012) · cites this paper as [1]

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Authors: Carmichael, S. T.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Carmichael, S. Thomas
ORCID: Carmichael, S. Thomas
Venue: Annals of Neurology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-04-21
Volume: 59
Issue: 5
Pages: 735-742
ISSN: 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
1531-8249
DOI: 10.1002/ana.20845
OpenAlex: W2096597907
Cited by: 595
References: 78
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 2.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R01 NS45729, R01NS045729)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
Keywords: stroke, neural repair, functional recovery, axonal sprouting, neurogenesis, subventricular zone, neuronal migration, erythropoietin, cortical reorganization, stroke treatment
MeSH terms: Animals, Axons, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Nerve Regeneration, Neurons, Stroke

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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves

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