The Concept of Representation
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Representation is fundamentally a relationship of authorization.
“Representation is fundamentally a relationship of authorization.”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
Actors receiving justifications might be motivated to act as good losers, to accept that they have lost, and move on.
“Thereby, actors receiving justifications might be motivated to act as good losers, to accept that they have lost, and move on (e.g., Pitkin 1967;Gutmann and Thompson 1996).”
From Artificial intelligence, transparency, and public decision-making: Why explanations are key when trying to produce perceived legitimacy (2020) · cites this paper as Pitkin 1967
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kymlicka, W. (1996) · doi:10.1093/0198290918.001.0001 · Cited by 3,342 · see citing works
Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes"
Mansbridge, J. J. (1999) · Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647821 · Cited by 2,546 · see citing works
Deliberative Democracy and Beyond
Dryzek, J. S. (2002) · doi:10.1093/019925043x.001.0001 · Cited by 1,815 · see citing works
Saward, M. (2006) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300234 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M. H., Fish, S., Hicken, A. D., Kroenig, M., Lindberg, S. I., McMann, K. M., Paxton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592711000880 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory
Urbinati, N., & Warren, M. E. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053006.190533 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Good News and Bad News: Asymmetric Responses to Economic Information
Soroka, S. N. (2006) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00413.x · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Anderson, C. J., Blais, A., Bowler, S., Donovan, T., & Listhaug, O. (2005) · doi:10.1093/0199276382.001.0001 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Accounting in its social context: Towards a history of value added in the United Kingdom
Burchell, S., Clubb, C., & Hopwood, A. G. (1985) · Accounting, Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/0361-3682(85)90002-9 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation
Wängnerud, L. (2009) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
CARAMANI, D. (2017) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055416000538 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
New Directions in Planning Theory
Fainstein, S. S. (2000) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/107808740003500401 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Congruence between Citizens and Policymakers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy
Huber, J. D., & Powell, G. B. (1994) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2950684 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions
Golder, M., & Stramski, J. (2009) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00420.x · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Measuring Political Legitimacy
Weatherford, M. S. (1992) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1964021 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Celebrity Politicians: Popular Culture and Political Representation
Street, J. (2004) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2004.00149.x · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Gender Quotas and Women's Substantive Representation: Lessons from Argentina
Franceschet, S., & Piscopo, J. M. (2008) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x08000342 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Agenda Setting and Legislative Success in State Legislatures: The Effects of Gender and Race
Bratton, K. A., & Haynie, K. L. (1999) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647822 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Untangling the Causal Effects of Sex on Judging
Boyd, C. L., Epstein, L., & Martin, A. D. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00437.x · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Analysing Women's Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors
Childs, S., & Krook, M. L. (2009) · Government and Opposition · doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Dryzek, J. S., & Niemeyer, S. (2008) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055408080325 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union
Schmitt, H., & Thomassen, J. (1999) · doi:10.1093/0198296614.001.0001 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
DEMOCRACY AND DICHOTOMIES: A Pragmatic Approach to Choices about Concepts
Collier, D., & Adcock, R. (1999) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.537 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators
Butler, D. M., & Broockman, D. (2011) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00515.x · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Gender, Representative Bureaucracy, and Law Enforcement: The Case of Sexual Assault
Meier, K. J., & Nicholson‐Crotty, J. (2006) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00653.x · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Shugart, M. S., Valdini, M. E., & Suominen, K. (2005) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00133.x · Cited by 532 · see citing works
A problem-based approach to democratic theory
WARREN, M. E. (2017) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055416000605 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Elaborating the “New Institutionalism”
March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548460.003.0001 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Deliberating in the Real World
Parkinson, J. R. (2006) · doi:10.1093/019929111x.001.0001 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Interest Representation: The Dominance of Institutions
Salisbury, R. H. (1984) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1961249 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation
Disch, L. J. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055410000602 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Rehfeld, A. (2009) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055409090261 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition
Fox, R. L., & Lawless, J. L. (2005) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00147.x · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Citizen Activity: Who Participates? What Do They Say?
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H. E., et al. (1993) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2939042 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION
Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2008) · Representation · doi:10.1080/00344890802079573 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
META‐GOVERNANCE: VALUES, NORMS AND PRINCIPLES, AND THE MAKING OF HARD CHOICES
KOOIMAN, J., & JENTOFT, S. (2009) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01780.x · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Thomassen, J., Klingemann, H.-D., & Fuchs, D. (1998) · doi:10.1093/0198294735.001.0001 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Political Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition
Mainwaring, S. P., & Zoco, E. (2007) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068807073852 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Collective vs. Dyadic Representation in Congress
Weissberg, R. (1978) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1954109 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Government Responsiveness and Political Competition in Comparative Perspective
HOBOLT, S. B., & Klemmensen, R. (2007) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414006297169 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Legitimacy Problems in Deliberative Democracy
Parkinson, J. R. (2003) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00419 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Representative Bureaucracy in Policing: Does It Increase Perceived Legitimacy?
Riccucci, N. M., Ryzin, G. G. V., & Lavena, C. F. (2014) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muu006 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Broockman, D. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12018 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Politics of Presence? Congresswomen and Symbolic Representation
Lawless, J. L. (2004) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591290405700107 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Beyond Bodies: Institutional Sources of Representation for Women in Democratic Policymaking
Weldon, S. L. (2002) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00167 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Chamberlin, J. R., & Courant, P. N. (1983) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1957270 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Westminster Women: The Politics of Presence
Lovenduski, J., & Norris, P. (2003) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00414 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Institutional Variables Affecting Female Representation in National Legislatures: The Case of Norway
Matland, R. E. (1993) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2131998 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
McDonald, M. D., & Budge, I. (2005) · doi:10.1093/0199286728.001.0001 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Goodin, R. E. (2003) · doi:10.1093/0199256179.001.0001 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Modelling and representing: An artefactual approach to model-based representation
Knuuttila, T. (2011) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2010.11.034 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Vote-Seeking Incentives and Legislative Representation in Six Presidential Democracies
Crisp, B. F., Escobar-Lemmon, M. C., Jones, B., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00278.x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Powell, G. B. (2004) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104815 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
de Fine Licht, K., & de Fine Licht, J. (2020) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-020-00960-w · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“Thereby, actors receiving justifications might be motivated to act as good losers, to accept that they have lost, and move on (e.g., Pitkin 1967; Gutmann and Thompson 1996).”
Political Trust, Satisfaction and Voter Turnout
Grönlund, K., & Setälä, M. (2007) · Comparative European Politics · doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110113 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
All Male Panels? Representation and Democratic Legitimacy
Clayton, A. B., O’Brien, D. Z., & Piscopo, J. M. (2018) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12391 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America
Carnes, N., & Lupu, N. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12112 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Black or Blue: Racial Profiling and Representative Bureaucracy
Wilkins, V. M., & Williams, B. N. (2008) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00905.x · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Sapiro, V. (1981) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1960962 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The Impact of Representative Bureaucracies: Educational Systems and Public Policies
Meier, K. J., & Stewart, J. A. (1992) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/027507409202200301 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Representing People, Representing Nature, Representing the World
O'Neill, J. (2001) · Environment and Planning C Government and Policy · doi:10.1068/c12s · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Quotas for Men: Reframing Gender Quotas as a Means of Improving Representation for All
Murray, R. (2014) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055414000239 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Populism and Liberal Democracy
Pappas, T. S. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198837886.001.0001 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Schmidt, V. A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198797050.001.0001 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Candidate Valence and Ideological Positions in U.S. House Elections
Stone, W. J., & Simas, E. N. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00436.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Representation and Democracy: Uneasy Alliance
Pitkin, H. F. (2004) · Scandinavian Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2004.00109.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationIntersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women's Political Representation Worldwide
Hughes, M. M. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055411000293 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Political Control versus Bureaucratic Values: Reframing the Debate
Meier, K. J., & O’Toole, L. J. (2006) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00571.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
The Substantive Representation of Women: What to Do with Conservative Claims?
Celis, K., & Childs, S. (2011) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00904.x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa
Reynolds, A. (1999) · doi:10.1093/0198295103.001.0001 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?
Carnes, N. (2012) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00033.x · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Asian American Identity: Shared Racial Status and Political Context
Junn, J., & Masuoka, N. (2008) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592708081887 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
The Multilevel Parliamentary Field: a framework for theorizing representative democracy in the EU
Crum, B., & Fossum, J. E. (2009) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773909000186 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Dunning, T., & Nilekani, J. (2013) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055412000573 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Utilitarianism’s Bad Breath? A Re-Evaluation of the Public Interest Justification for Planning
Campbell, H., & Marshall, R. (2002) · Planning Theory · doi:10.1177/147309520200100205 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Barnes, T. D., & Burchard, S. M. (2012) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414012463884 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The Structure of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates
Marcus, G. E. (1988) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1962488 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Mapping accountability: core concept and subtypes
Lindberg, S. I. (2013) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/0020852313477761 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Women Have Found Respect: Gender Quotas, Symbolic Representation, and Female Empowerment in Rwanda
Burnet, J. E. (2011) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x11000250 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Abelson, J., Giacomini, M. K., Lehoux, P., & Gauvin, F. (2006) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.07.009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Skinner, Q. (2005) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.0966-8373.2005.00226.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Violence against Women in Politics
Krook, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088460.001.0001 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Explaining Explanations: How Legislators Explain their Policy Positions and How Citizens React
Grose, C. R., Malhotra, N. A., & Houweling, R. P. V. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12164 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Survey Article: Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation*
Brown, M. B. (2006) · Journal of Political Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00245.x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Carnes, N., & Lupu, N. (2016) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055416000551 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Pantoja, A. D., & Segura, G. M. (2003) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1540-6237.8402014 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Civil society and EU democracy: ‘astroturf’ representation?
Kohler‐Koch, B. (2010) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501760903464986 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Gendering research in political science
Lovenduski, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.333 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
New mediation and direct representation: reconceptualizing representation in the digital age
Coleman, S. R. (2005) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444805050745 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Bertsou, E., & Caramani, D. (2020) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12554 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Mitnick, B. M. (1975) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/bf01718413 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Swers, M. L. (2005) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.3162/036298005x201617 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Ladam, C., Harden, J. J., & Windett, J. H. (2018) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12351 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Garzia, D. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.010 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Lawless, J. L., & Fox, R. L. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790898 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Why Constructing a People Is the Main Task of Radical Politics
Laclau, E. (2006) · Critical Inquiry · doi:10.1086/508086 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Racial Diversity and Judicial Influence on Appellate Courts
Kastellec, J. (2012) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00618.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
U.S. House Members in Their Constituencies: An Exploration
Fenno, R. F. (1977) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055400265143 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Landemore, H. E. (2012) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-012-0062-6 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Modes of Political Representation: Toward a New Typology
Andeweg, R. B., & Thomassen, J. (2005) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.3162/036298005x201653 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fenichel Pitkin, H.
- Venue
- University of California Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of California Press
- Published
- 1967-12-31
- OpenAlex
- W4213160818
- Cited by
- 5,162
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 285 · 2025: 329 · 2024: 401 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 350 · 2021: 284 · 2020: 464 · 2019: 415 · 2018: 243 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 175 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 125 · 2013: 134 · 2012: 123
- FWCI
- 33.02
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- University of California Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Cultural Identity and Representation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Semiotics and Representation Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- representation, concept of representation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review