The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 14 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Language, Race, and White Public Space
Open accessAbstract
White public space is constructed through intense monitoring of racialized populations and the invisibility of similar signs in Whites; Mock Spanish reproduces negative racializing stereotypes of Chicanos and Latinos while indexing whiteness as an unmarked norm.
Overview
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Claims the paper makes
17 Own interpretation · 10 Sources not found · 9 No basis given · 4 Own result · 2 No full text of the sources · 2 Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While obvious”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“My research suggests that precisely the opposite is true for Whites.Whites permit themselves a considerable amount of disorder precisely at the language boundary that is a site of discipline for Puerto Ricans (and other members of historically Spanish-speaking populations in the United States)that is, the boundary between Spanish and English in public discourse.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While Puerto Ricans agonize over whether or not their English is cultivated enough, the public written use of Spanish by Whites is often grossly nonstandard and ungrammatical.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hill 1993a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear that many Spanish speakers do hear the racist message of Mock Spanish.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, African Americans diemselves apparently use Mock Spanish: Terry McMillan's 1996 novel, How Stella Got Her Groove Back, is rich in attestations in the speech of Stella, a beautiful and successful African American professional woman from California.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McMillan 1996
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“I have collected some evidence that members of historically Spanish-speaking populations do not share Whites' understanding of Mock Spanish.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New tokens of White”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By indirect indexicality, it reproduces highly negative racializing stereotypes of Chicanos and Latinos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By direct indexicality, Mock Spanish presents speakers as possessing desirable personal qualities.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hi the light of the analysis that I have suggested above, the”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By far the richest examples of linguistic incorporations are Mock Spanish and AAE crossover.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, tokens of”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the construction of whiteness is probably a project of global scope, and in fact Mock Spanish seems to be widespread in the English-speaking world.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, as far as I know no members of historically Spanish-speaking populations use Mock Spanish, at least not in anything like the routine way that Whites do.23”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary,”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The practices of Mock Spanish include, first, semantic pejoration of Spanish loans: the use of positive or neutral Spanish words in humorous or negative senses.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some Spanish speakers find some of the greeting cards in my sample funny.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have discovered only one case of apparent concern about Spanish-speaking opinion in reference to the use of Spanish in mass media.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed, in other work (Hill 1995) I have suggested that working-class speakers are less likely to use”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hill 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One of the dimensions of this space is that disorder on the part of Whites (including not only Mock Spanish, but also cursing and a variety of locutionary sins of the”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hall et al. (1978) source
- Not matchedcites Cohen (1972)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
In the paper
“Students who heard the lecture under the”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rubin (1992) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, precisely because it is narrower in its range of opacity and transparency than is AAE”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
In the paper
“But Whites hear other public Spanish as impolite and even dangerous.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Urciuoli 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The kinds of games reported by Hewitt, however, remain reserved to childhood, unable to break through the dominant voices of racism; Hewitt found that the kind of interracial friendship that permitted teasing with racist epithets essentially vanished from the lives of his subjects by the time they reached the age of 16.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hewitt (1986)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot be sure that these phenomena are genuinely outside the linguistic order of racism until we understand dimensions of that order-within which age-graded cohorts may have a relatively enduring place.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Racism challenges the most advanced anthropological thinking, because racial formation processes (Omi and Winant 1994) are contested and contradictory, yet global in their scope.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Omi and Winant 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mock Spanish is precisely”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
In the paper
“Or, perhaps we should say that carnivalesque inversions can be a”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott (1985)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, only slightly more than a decade ago Hewitt (1986) found that such crossings did not survive the adolescent years.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hewitt (1986)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, while the”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems likely that there are tokens that originate in Mock Spanish where the original indexicality is suppressable (the word peon, pronounced [piyan], which appeared in English by the seventeenth century, may be an example of this type), but in general tokens of this practice are relatively easy to spot and interpret.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While probably few White readers of this strip sense”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
The authors state this as an assumption.
'Whites' can be used as a shorthand category for the population that participates in White public space, despite heterogeneity.
“I use”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Notes
“25. See, for instance, his Warrior for Gringostroika (1991).”
§ References
“10. Gomez-Pefia, Guillermo 1993 Warrior for Gringostroika. St. Paul, MN: Gray wolf Press.”
Citations
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“In Mock Spanish, Anglo speakers incorporate Spanish words into otherwise English discourse to “create a jocular or pejorative ‘key’” (Hill 1998:682).”
BackgroundInfluentialChun, E. W. (2001) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1525/jlin.2001.11.1.52 · Cited by 153
“Crossover AAVE may semiotically function in ways that parallel Mock Spanish given that they are both linguistic—and therefore cultural—appropriations from racially marginalized groups in the United States.”
BackgroundInfluentialIdeologies of legitimate mockery
Chun, E. W. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.14.2-3.10chu · Cited by 209
“7 As noted by Hill (1998), such stereotyping language practices not only typically derogate the speakers who are mocked, but also simultaneously elevate the personas of those who do the mocking.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhilip, T. M., Olivares-Pasillas, M. C., & Rocha, J. (2016) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2016.1210418 · Cited by 148
“Students replacing school computer display backgrounds with images of Malcolm X (as we observed in one classroom) or Whites using “mock Spanish” (Hill, 1998) are thus fundamentally racial-ideological micro-contestations since they build on societally available racial discourses to reinscribe or challenge locally salie…”
MethodToward a Description of African American Vernacular English Dialect Regions Using “Black Twitter”
Jones, T. (2015) · American Speech · doi:10.1215/00031283-3442117 · Cited by 144
Introducing LangCrit: Critical Language and Race Theory
Crump, A. (2014) · Critical Inquiry in Language Studies · doi:10.1080/15427587.2014.936243 · Cited by 155
“What the work of Sarkar, Low, andWiner (2007), Hill (2010), and Matsuda (1991, 1996) indicate is that understandings of language, identity, and belonging need to be informed by a theoretical lens that resists masking issues of race behind issues of language.”
BackgroundIdeologies of legitimate mockery: Margaret Cho's revoicings of mock Asian
Chun, E. W. (2004) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · Cited by 142
Rosa, J. (2015) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2015.10.007 · Cited by 138
Reconstructing the Status Quo: Linguistic Interaction in a Dual-Language School
Fitts, S. (2006) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2006.10162880 · Cited by 136
New Immigrant Youth Interpreting in White Public Space
Reynolds, J. F., & Orellana, M. F. (2009) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01114.x · Cited by 131
Clancy, K. B. H., & Davis, J. L. (2019) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011133 · Cited by 142
Intertextuality as Source and Evidence for Indirect Indexical Meanings
Hill, J. H. (2005) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1525/jlin.2005.15.1.113 · Cited by 129
Self-citationLearning to Play, Playing to Learn: FL Learners as Multicompetent Language Users
Pomerantz, A., & BELL, N. D. (2007) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amm044 · Cited by 128
“We thank Janet Maybin, Joan Swann, Guy Cook, and three anonymous reviewers for their insightful and generous comments.”
BackgroundShankar, S. (2008) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00022.x · Cited by 127
“Rosina Lippi-Green (1997) illustrates how “standard” ways of speaking are unmarked, normalizing, and powerful in their ability to relegate other varieties as unpreferred (see also Hill 1998; Woolard 1989).”
BackgroundRosa, J., & Díaz, V. (2019) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13353 · Cited by 124
Microaggressions and the reproduction of social inequalities in medical encounters in Mexico
Smith‐Oka, V. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.039 · Cited by 113
Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences in APA Journals: 1965–2004
Hegarty, P. V., & Buechel, C. (2006) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.377 · Cited by 135
“…2002; McIntosh, 1998; Powell, Branscombe, & Schmitt, 2005), men (Bem, 1993; De Beauvoir, 1949; Edley & Wetherell, 1995), English-language speakers (Hill, 1999), and heterosexuals (Bricknell, 2000; Hegarty, Pratto, & Lemieux, 2004; Sedgwick, 1990) all call attention to the low salience of group…”
A Social Justice Theory of Active Equality for Technical Communication
Colton, J. S., & Holmes, S. (2016) · Journal of Technical Writing and Communication · doi:10.1177/0047281616647803 · Cited by 110
“…racism because they are not asked to interrogate their whiteness and that wiggers seem indistinguishable from “moth-eaten tokens of minstrelsy” (Hill, 1998, p. 688, quoted in Snell & McFarlane, 2016), a metaphor that characterizes Whites’ historic use of blackface to undermine the…”
BackgroundMethodAikhenvald, A. Y. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.1 · Cited by 108
Latin@s and the Intergenerational Continuity of Spanish: The Challenges of Curricularizing Language
Valdés, G. (2015) · International Multilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/19313152.2015.1086625 · Cited by 102
“The ideological climate, as other scholars have indicated (e.g., Flores, 2013; Flores & Rosa, 2015; Hill, 1993a, 1993b, 1995, 1998; Rosa, in press; Urciuoli, 1996; 2010) is one in which negative views about Spanish and its speakers are deeply rooted.”
BackgroundIntroduction: acts of alterity
Hastings, A., & Manning, P. (2004) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2004.07.001 · Cited by 99
“This sort of figural voice is therefore to be classed with a wide variety of mocking imitations of foreigners and others (‘‘Mock Spanish,’’ for example ( Hill, 1998, 2001 )), stage and comic dialects, characterological speech defects (Mel Blancs renditions of the voices of Warner Brothers cartoon figures (Brody, 2001)…”
BackgroundToward an Anti‐Racist Linguistic Anthropology: An Indigenous Response to White Supremacy
Leonard, W. Y. (2021) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12319 · Cited by 99
Covert Linguistic Racisms and the (Re‐)Production of White Supremacy
Kroskrity, P. V. (2021) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12307 · Cited by 100
E nglish and Globalization in I ndia: The Fractal Nature of Discourse
Proctor, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12056 · Cited by 92
Language and sexuality in Spanish and English dating chats1
del‐Teso‐Craviotto, M. (2006) · Journal of Sociolinguistics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2006.00288.x · Cited by 89
Youth Language, Gaul Sociability, and the New Indonesian Middle Class
Smith-Hefner, N. J. (2007) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1525/jlin.2007.17.2.184 · Cited by 88
“Forcing foreign sounds to approximate words in English, Eble argues, is for many college students a source of humor; at the same time it expresses an attitude which is basically anti-intellectual (See also Hill 1998 on “mock Spanish”).”
BackgroundAngermeyer, P. S. (2017) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404516001020 · Cited by 85
“…of nonnative ungrammatical language use, ‘Google Hungarian’ also bears a partial resemblance to the phenomenon of Mock Spanish, first described by Hill (1998; 2008), in which White American English speakers use pseudo-Spanish phrases in ways that index negative stereotypes about Spanish…”
BackgroundLanguage and Migration to the United States
Dick, H. P. (2010) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145634 · Cited by 85
Did you call in Mexican? The racial politics of Jay Leno immigrant jokes
Ana, O. S. (2009) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404508090027 · Cited by 83
“The capability to impose social hierarchies and boundaries in the joke-telling setting parallels the social effects of Mock Spanish use (Hill 1998 ).”
BackgroundRampton, B. (1999) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1525/jlin.1999.9.1-2.54 · Cited by 82
Introduction: White Noise: Bringing Language into Whiteness Studies
Trechter, S., & Bucholtz, M. (2001) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1525/jlin.2001.11.1.3 · Cited by 103
Speaking like Asian immigrants
Chun, E. W. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.19.1.02chu · Cited by 81
The reappropriation of tongzhi
Wong, A. (2005) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404505050281 · Cited by 81
Racialization of the bilingual student in higher education: A case from the Peruvian Andes
Zavala, V. (2011) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2011.08.004 · Cited by 79
Johanson, L. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.24 · Cited by 81
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108887410 · Cited by 79
MAINTAINING WHITENESS: THE FEAR OF OTHERS AND NICENESS
Low, S. (2009) · Transforming Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-7466.2009.01047.x · Cited by 74
Beyond El Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America
Pérez, G. M., Guridy, F. A., & Burgos, A. (2010) · Cited by 73
Code‐Switching, Identity, and Globalization
Hall, K., & Nilep, C. (2015) · The Handbook of Discourse Analysis · doi:10.1002/9781118584194.ch28 · Cited by 73
Carter, P. M. (2014) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404514000049 · Cited by 71
“Mocking Spanish was a Language in Society 43:2 (2014) 233 common way for non-Latino students to talk about the language, and mock representations (Hill 1993, 1998, 2001, 2008) draw on stereotypes about Spanish phonology, including its “machine-gun” rhythm and simple consonant-vowel syllable…”
BackgroundSecuring the borders of English and Whiteness
Piller, I., Torsh, H. I., & Smith‐Khan, L. (2021) · Ethnicities · doi:10.1177/14687968211052610 · Cited by 71
Hill, J. H. (2005) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-05871-3_5 · Cited by 71
Self-citationLinguistic anthropology and sociocultural anthropology
Stasch, R. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139342872.030 · Cited by 69
Where Do Evidentials Come From?
Friedman, V. A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.6 · Cited by 71
Style, stance, and social meaning in mock white girl
Slobe, T. (2018) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s004740451800060x · Cited by 67
“Ventriloquation of the persona is a means of 556 Language in Society 47:4 (2018) positioning her as a cultural object that represents the normalization of racist encounters that girls of color experience in white public space (cf. Hill 1998).”
BackgroundJaworski, A., Thurlow, C., Lawson, S., & Ylänne‐McEwen, V. (2003) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658410308667063 · Cited by 68
Sicoli, M. A. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118584194.ch5 · Cited by 75
The public life of white affects
Bucholtz, M. (2019) · Journal of Sociolinguistics · doi:10.1111/josl.12392 · Cited by 63
Racial Microaggressions at Work: Reflections from Black African Professionals in Australia
Gatwiri, K. (2020) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaa145 · Cited by 62
Linguistic Magic Bullets in the Making of a Modernist Anthropology
Briggs, C. L. (2002) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.2.481 · Cited by 59
Theorizing Linguistic Racisms from a Language Ideological Perspective
Kroskrity, P. V. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190845995.013.18 · Cited by 61
Examining raciolinguistic struggles in institutional settings: A duoethnography
Escobar, C. F., & Herrera, L. J. P. (2022) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2022.101012 · Cited by 60
Krause, E. L. (2001) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.1525/can.2001.16.4.576 · Cited by 60
Fechter, A. (2005) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/1466138105055662 · Cited by 59
Rampton, B., Tusting, K., Maybin, J., & Barwell, R. (2004) · Cited by 59
On Saying It Right (Write): "Fix-Its" in the Foundations of Learning to Write
Dyson, A. H. (2006) · Research in the Teaching of English · doi:10.58680/rte20065994 · Cited by 59
Sa’ar, A. (2006) · Signs · doi:10.1086/508501 · Cited by 58
McNamara, T. F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108639606 · Cited by 58
Hiramoto, M. (2009) · Journal of Sociolinguistics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00406.x · Cited by 56
Introduction: The Trump Era as a Linguistic Emergency
McIntosh, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108887410.001 · Cited by 56
Hearing What's Not Said and Missing What Is: Black Language in White Public Space
Alim, H. S. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470758434.ch12 · Cited by 57
Sierra, S. (2018) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.09.007 · Cited by 61
“Dime con quién hablas, y te diré quién eres” : Linguistic (In)security and Latina/o Unity
Zentella, A. C. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781405177603.ch3 · Cited by 55
“Foreign languages are intrusive and Spanish, in particular, invades “white public space” (Hill 1999).”
BackgroundDisparate markets: Language, nation, and education in North India
LaDousa, C. (2005) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1525/ae.2005.32.3.460 · Cited by 54
“When ‘‘Junk Spanish’’ is found in the discourse of whites, it has the potential to mark them positively (Hill 1998).”
BackgroundDisciplining the Discipline: Anthropology and the Pursuit of Quality Education
González, N. E. (2004) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x033005017 · Cited by 55
“Given these disparate perspectives, we can apprehend that anthropology is heir to a contradictory legacy, claiming as intellectual ancestors “both the founders of scientific racism and important pioneers of the antiracist movement” (Hill, 1998, p. 680).”
BackgroundDo you speak Arabic? Managing axes of adequation and difference in pan-Arab talent programs
Schulthies, B. L. (2014) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2014.10.010 · Cited by 53
Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles. The decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe
Fisher, J. L. (2010) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.26530/oapen_459443 · Cited by 61
Armstrong-Fumero, F. (2009) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01138.x · Cited by 53
“Like the narratives about the loss of “respect” that Hill (1998b) documented among Nahuatl speakers in central Mexico, nostalgia for the “loss” of an Imaginary Maya and other forms of traditional life often tends to reference a series of contemporary inequalities within indigenous-language…”
BackgroundVine Racial Comedy as Anti‐Hegemonic Humor: Linguistic Performance and Generic Innovation
Calhoun, K. (2019) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12206 · Cited by 54
“At the same time that he is producing these incoherent utterances in mock AAL, his gestures and facial expressions become increasingly exaggerated, flapping his hands and arms up and down, winking, and contorting his mouth.”
BackgroundInfluentialLinguistic Human Rights and Mobility
Wee, L. (2007) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.2167/jmmd492.0 · Cited by 54
“See Hill (1998) and Leeman (2004) for some relevant discussion.”
BackgroundLanguage and Masculinities: History, Development, and Future
Lawson, R. (2020) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011650 · Cited by 55
Krause, E. L., & Marchesi, M. (2007) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.2007.109.2.350 · Cited by 51
“These linguistic choices were not arbitrary: Couscous can be interpreted as a synecdoche for Muslims, pesto for Italians, and particularly those from the north, where fertility rates are especially low (see Hill 1998).”
BackgroundGraham, L. R. (2011) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01299.x · Cited by 52
Pathway Towards Fluency: Using ‘disaggregate instruction’ to promote science literacy
Brown, B. A., Ryoo, K., & Rodriguez, J. (2009) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690903117921 · Cited by 51
“Collectively, these scholars describe language as a component of students’ identity and suggest that as students learn new languages, they must take on identities associated with those languages (Brown et al., 2005; Fordham, 1999; Hill, 1999).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hill, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hill, Jane H.
- ORCID
- Hill, Jane H.
- Venue
- American Anthropologist
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-09
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 680-689
- ISSN
- 0002-7294 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-1433
- OpenAlex
- W1985344939
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 31.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Anthropologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic Variation and Morphology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Keywords
- African Americans, African American English, whiteness, indexicality, code-mixing, semiotics of language
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