Xenograft and organoid model systems in cancer research
Open accessAbstract
Patient-derived tumour xenografts and tumour organoids have become important preclinical model systems for cancer research. Both models maintain key features from their parental tumours, such as genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which allows them to be used for a wide spectrum of applications. In contrast to patient-derived xenografts, organoids can be established and expanded with high efficiency from primary patient material. On the other hand, xenografts retain tumour-stroma interactions, which are known to contribute to tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in patient-derived tumour xenograft and tumour organoid model systems and compare their promises and challenges as preclinical models in cancer research.
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Human tumor organoids have been successfully developed from colon, pancreas, prostate, breast, gastric, cerebral, lung, esophageal, bladder, ovarian, kidney, and liver tumor tissue.
“Human tumor organoids have been successfully developed from colon, pancreas, prostate, breast, gastric, cerebral, lung, esophageal, bladder, ovarian, kidney, and liver tumor tissue [60,94].”
From 3D In Vitro Model (R)evolution: Unveiling Tumor–Stroma Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
The PDTO models section lists human tumour organoids generated from all the named tissues except cerebral tumour tissue. The cited review therefore supports most of the sentence, but not its inclusion of cerebral tumour organoids. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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“Human tumor organoids have been successfully developed from colon, pancreas, prostate, breast, gastric, cerebral, lung, esophageal, bladder, ovarian, kidney, and liver tumor tissue [60,94].”
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- Authors
- Bleijs, M., van de Wetering, M., Clevers, H., & Drost, J.
- Affiliations
- Oncode Institute (NL)
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Drost, Jarno
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 2019-07-08
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- e101654-e101654
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC6670015
- OpenAlex
- W2953395929
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 4.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Dutch Cancer Society (10218)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- tumor xenografts, tumor organoids, preclinical cancer models, tumor heterogeneity, tumor-stroma interactions, carcinogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Humans, Models, Biological, Neoplasms, Organoids, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Cell Line, Tumor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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