Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This pattern (voluminous, haustrated cecum) is recognised as a common feature in many rodents.

“This pattern is recognised as a common feature in many rodents (Kotze et al., 2010;Perrin and Curtis 1980;Perez et al., 2008).”

• cites Kotze et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Perrin and Curtis 1980 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Perez et al., 2008Supported

May combine two claims.

Physiological research has demonstrated both descending and ascending contraction of the cecum in order to separate fluids from solid particles and maintain a longer time the nutrients which is essential for fermentation process.

“Physiological research have demonstrated both descending and ascending contraction of the cecum in order to separate luids from solid particles and maintained a longer time the nutrients which is essential for fermentation process (Franz et al., 2010).”

• cites Franz et al., 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) describes fluid secretion and retrograde peristalsis in the proximal colon, which washes fluids, bacteria and small particles back into the caecum. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes fluid washing in both directions and probable transfer of solutes into the caecum. It does not describe descending and ascending contractions of the caecum or establish that these retain nutrients longer for fermentation. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Although modern diets mean that cecotrophy is unnecessary for survival, this feature is an innate behaviour stimulated by anal reflex.

“Although modern diets mean that cecotrophy is unnecessary for survival; this feature is an innate behaviour stimulated by anal re lex (Ebino, 1993).”

• cites Ebino, 1993 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion (p. not available) says that, in mice given balanced diets, coprophagy has almost entirely lost its nutritional significance, is innate, and is released reflexively during defecation. The Introduction (p. not available) also suggests that feces at the rectal wall trigger the behavior. The citing sentence extends these findings to cecotrophy generally and says it is unnecessary for survival, which the paper does not establish. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Relative to other non-ruminant herbivores such as horse, the rabbits and chinchillas digestive tube has an increased development to provide the nutrient requirements and increases the efficiency of utilization of fibrous nutrients.

“Relative to other non ruminant herbivores such as horse, the rabbits and chinchillas digestive tube has an increased development to provide the nutrient requirements and increases the ef iciency of utilization of ibrous nutrients (Ebino 1993;Boellinger 2007;Kohles 2014).”

• cites Ebino 1993 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) describes rabbits as hindgut fermenters, reports vigorous coprophagy in chinchillas, and links coprophagy to obtaining nutrients produced by intestinal microorganisms. It does not say that rabbits’ or chinchillas’ digestive tubes are more developed than horses’, or that this anatomy improves utilization of fibrous nutrients. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Boellinger 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kohles 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The presence of the spiral fold in the rabbit cecum is a particular feature and is not present in chinchilla.

“Regarding the internal structure, the presence of the spiral fold into the rabbit cecum is a particular feature and is not present in chinchilla.”

May combine two claims.

In chinchillas, the cecum was located on the left side of the median plane, in the ventral third of the abdominal cavity.

“In chinchillas, the cecum was located on the left side of the median plane, in the ventral third of abdominal cavity and presents two different segments (Fig. 1, Fig. 5).”

May combine two claims.

Compared to chinchillas, rabbits show two specific anatomical structures: sacculus rotundus at the junction of the ileum with the cecum, and vermiform appendix in the cecum extension.

“Compared to chinchillas, rabbits show two speci ic anatomical structures: sacculus rotundus located at the junction of the ileum with the cecum and vermiform appendix in the cecum extension.”

May combine two claims.

The differences between rabbit and chinchilla ceca are related to topography, the presence of a well developed vermiform appendix in rabbit, and the presence of sacculus rotundus in rabbit.

“The differences are related to the topography, the presence of a well developed vermiform appendix in rabbit which is one of the particular features of this specie alongside the presence of sacculus rotundus.”

May combine two claims.

In chinchillas, the cecum consists of two segments: the first was coiled and had sacculations, and the second was tubular and slightly pleated.

“The irst segment was coiled having sacculations and the second segment was tubular, slightly pleated.”

May combine two claims.

In rabbits, the cecum was extremely voluminous and occupied almost the entire ventral part of the abdominal cavity.

“In rabbit the cecum was extremely voluminous and occupied almost the entire ventral part of the abdominal cavity (Fig. 1).”

May combine two claims.

The unique morphological features of the digestive system in both species are the prerequisite of the physiological hind gut fermentation and offer the explanation of digestive strategy of coprophagy in rabbits and chinchillas.

“The unique morphological features of the digestive system in both species are the prerequisite of the physiological hind gut fermentation and offer the explanation of digestive strategy of coprophagy in rabbits and chinchillas.”

May combine two claims.

Rabbit and chinchillas are true non-ruminant herbivores with a particular type of digestion called hind gut fermentation.

“Rabbit and chinchillas are true non ruminant herbivores with a particular type of digestion, so called hind gut fermentation (Holtenius andBjörnhag, 1985: Davies andDavies 2003;Sakaguchi 2003).”

• cites Holtenius andBjörnhag, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Davies andDavies 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sakaguchi 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In humans, the role of the GALT is to preserve the commensal bacteria which can recolonize the colon in diseases in which these bacteria are lost.

“In humans the role of this GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) is to preserve the commensal bacteria which can recolonize the colon in diseases in which these bacteria are lost (Bollinger et al., 2007).”

• cites Bollinger et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Physiologically, the vermiform appendix in rabbits is involved in bicarbonate secretion to buffer cecal acidity and in water secretion to form the semi fluid cecal paste.

“Phisiologicaly, the vermiform appendix in rabbits is involved in bicarbonate secretion in order to buffer the cecal acidity and in water secretion to form the semi luid cecal paste (Davies et al., 2003;Kohles, 2014).”

• cites Davies et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kohles, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Considering the coprophagy practiced by the rabbit, the spiral fold channels the intestinal content into the corpus ceci and into the ampulla coli and practically increases the absorption surface of the mucosa.

“Considering the coprophagy practiced by the rabbit, the spiral fold channelling the intestinal content into the corpus ceci and into the ampulla coli and practically increasing the absorption surface of the mucosa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The appendix in mammals is mentioned in humans, lagomorphs and some rodents sharing the same ontogenetic origin and high lymphoid concentration.

“The appendix in mammals is mentioned in humans, lagomorphs and some rodents sharing the same ontogenetic origin and high lymphoid concentration (Smith et al., 2009).”

• cites Smith et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Antiperistaltic waves from colon to the cecum are apparently a unique colonic separation mechanism (CSM) found both in rabbit and chinchilla.

“In addition, the antiperistaltic waves from colon to the cecum are apparently a unique colonic separation mechanism (CSM) found both in rabbit and chinchilla.”

May combine two claims.

The muscular core of the spiral fold, as assessed on scanning electron microscopy, aids in the contraction forces and simultaneously moves the cecal content along performed ridges.

“On the other hand it's muscular core, as was assessed on scanning electron microscopy (Snipes, 1978) aiding in the contraction forces and simultaneously move the cecal content along performed ridges.”

• cites Snipes, 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The morphology of the gastrointestinal tract is relatively homogenous among different species of the same order, and the development of different parts of the GIT reflects adaptations of their habitat and diet.

“The morphology of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is relatively homogenous among different species of the same order, and the development of different parts of the GIT re lects adaptations of their habitat and diet (Stan et al., 2014).”

• cites Stan et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The cecum is usually described as the first part of the large intestine, as a blind-ending tube between the ileum and ascendant colon.

“The cecum is usually described as irst part of the large intestine, as a blind-ending tube between the ileum and ascendant colon (Barone 1997).”

• cites Barone 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.