Acute exercise improves cognition in the depressed elderly: the effect of dual-tasks
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OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess the acute effect of physical exercise on the cognitive function of depressed elderly patients in a dual-task experiment. INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise has a positive effect on the brain and may even act as a treatment for major depressive disorder. However, the effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on cognitive function during and after one session of aerobic training in elderly depressive patients are not known. METHODS: Ten elderly subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder performed neuropsychological tests during and after a moderate physical exercise session (65-75%HR(max)). A Digit Span Test (Forward and Backward) and a Stroop Color-Word Test were used to assess cognitive function. The elderly participants walked on an electric treadmill for 30 minutes and underwent the same cognitive testing before, during, immediately after, and 15 minutes after the exercise session. In the control session, the same cognitive testing was conducted, but without exercise training. RESULTS: The results of the Digit Span Test did not change between the control and the exercise sessions. The results of the Stroop Color-Word Test improved after physical exercise, indicating a positive effect of exercise on cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the cognitive functions of depressed elderly persons, especially attention and inhibitory control, are not impaired during and after an acute session of physical exercise. In contrast, the effect of dual-tasks showed beneficial results for these subjects, mainly after exercise. The dual-task may be a safe and useful tool for assessing cognitive function.
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Physical exercise has been demonstrated to improve selective attention behaviorally in healthy controls as well as young adult and older adult MDD patients, though these effects appeared short-lived and recent reviews find mixed results.
“Physical exercise has also been demonstrated to improve selective attention behaviorally in both healthy controls140 as well as young adult141 and older adult MDD patients142, though these effects appeared to be short-lived and recent reviews find mixed results143,144.”
From Paying attention to attention in depression (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In patients with MDD, several interventional studies have demonstrated that AE can promote cognitive performance in executive functioning, attention, inhibitory control, speed of processing, working and spatial memory, and visual learning.
“In patients with MDD, several interventional studies have demonstrated that AE can promote cognitive performance in executive functioning, attention, inhibitory control, speed of processing, working and spatial memory and visual learning (Kubesch et al., 2003; Vasques et al., 2011; Oertel-Knöchel et al., 2014; Greer et al., 2015).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Vasques et al., 2011
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Oertel‐Knöchel, V., Mehler, P., & Hänsel, F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46537-0_2
Faulkner, G., Duncan, M. J., & Subramaniapillai, M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139860567.023
Subramaniapillai, M. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Fedor, A. F., Walter, F. A., Hughes, J. W., & Gunstad, J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology · doi:10.31189/2165-6193-5.2.21
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Ludyga, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49411-0_11-1
dos Santos, W. M., Sardeli, A. V., Moraes, D. F. G., Ferreira, M. L. V., Santos, L. D. C., Cavaglieri, C. R., Middleton, L. E., & Chacon‐Mikahil, M. P. T. (2022) · Conexões · doi:10.20396/conex.v20i00.8666856
Muhammad, I., Laswati, H., Kusumawardani, M. K., Konginan, A., & Fazia (2023) · Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.20473/spmrj.v5i2.25367
Effekte von Sporttraining bei psychischen Störungen
Oertel, V., Mehler, P., & Hänsel, F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67880-0_2
Mgbemena, N. C., Thompson, J., & Osuagwu, U. L. (2025) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.70033
Cognitive Dysfunction and Suicide
Sunzeri, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14465-2_19
- Authors
- Vasques, P. E., Moraes, H., Silveira, H., Deslandes, A. C., & Laks, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Vasques, Paulo Eduardo
- Venue
- Clinics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1553-1557
- ISSN
- 1807-5932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3164403
- OpenAlex
- W2031616890
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- acute exercise, physical activity, major depressive disorder, older adults, cognitive function, dual-tasking, Stroop task, digit span, attention, inhibitory control, treadmill walking, aerobic exercise
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Movement, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Exercise
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