Cited by 966Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionImpact of Technology on AdolescentsWorkplace Violence and Bullying

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Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students

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Schneider, Shari Kessel, O'Donnell, Lydia, Stueve, Ann, Coulter, Robert W. S.·2012·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2011.300308PMC PMC3490574

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Using data from a regional census of high school students, we have documented the prevalence of cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and their associations with psychological distress. METHODS: In the fall of 2008, 20,406 ninth- through twelfth-grade students in MetroWest Massachusetts completed surveys assessing their bullying victimization and psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, self-injury, and suicidality. RESULTS: A total of 15.8% of students reported cyberbullying and 25.9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. A majority (59.7%) of cyberbullying victims were also school bullying victims; 36.3% of school bullying victims were also cyberbullying victims. Victimization was higher among nonheterosexually identified youths. Victims report lower school performance and school attachment. Controlled analyses indicated that distress was highest among victims of both cyberbullying and school bullying (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] were from 4.38 for depressive symptoms to 5.35 for suicide attempts requiring medical treatment). Victims of either form of bullying alone also reported elevated levels of distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the need for prevention efforts that address both forms of bullying and their relation to school performance and mental health.

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Background
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“…among sexual minorities are consistent with prior studies showing that sexual minority youth are at increased risk of vic-timization through cyber and noncyberbullying, 8,9,25,26 although it is worth noting that 25% of respondents did not understand the question about sexual orientation.”
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“…associated with the development of serious internalised problems, including anxiety, emotional distress, depression, and suicidal thoughts (Schneider et al., 2012), and those su ﬀ ering from such psychological di ﬃ culties may develop more serious problems, such as school disciplinary…”
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“…in the generalizability of the findings, typically due to the use of convenience samples or samples drawn from a single geographical region (Rigby and Slee 1999; Cleary 2000; Kim et al. 2005, 2009; Klomek et al. 2007, 2008; Schneider et al. 2012; Litwiller and Brausch 2013; Sinyor et al. 2014).”
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Examining suicidality, bullying, and gun carrying among Latina/o youth over 10 years.
Romero, A. J., Bauman, S. A., Borgstrom, M. C., & Kim, S. E. (2018) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000323 · Cited by 36
The relationship between bias-based peer victimization and depressive symptomatology across sexual and gender identity.
Price, M. N., Jones, L. M., Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2018) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000219 · Cited by 36
School bullying victimization and self-rated health and life satisfaction: The gendered buffering effect of educational expectations
Chai, L., Xue, J., & Han, Z. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105252 · Cited by 39
“, 2017; Schneider, O'donnell, Stueve, & Coulter, 2012; Wachs, 2012), depression (Chang et al., 2013; Moore et al., 2017; Murshid, 2017; Schneider et al., 2012; Wachs, 2012), feeling of loneliness (Cao et al.”
Gender differences in outcomes of bullying prevention programs: A meta-analysis.
Kennedy, R. S. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105506 · Cited by 35
Aggression against middle and high school teachers: Duration of victimization and its negative impacts
Moon, B., McCluskey, J. D., & Morash, M. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21840 · Cited by 38
Unpacking the dynamics involved in the impact of bullying victimization on adolescent suicidal ideation: Testing general strain theory in the Korean context
Kim, J., Shim, H. S., & Hay, C. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104781 · Cited by 36
Depression and anxiety have a larger impact on bullied girls than on boys to experience self-harm and suicidality: A mediation analysis
Islam, M. I., Khanam, R., & Kabir, E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.061 · Cited by 36
From risk factors to detection and intervention: a practical proposal for future work on cyberbullying
Ioannou, A., Blackburn, J., Stringhini, G., Cristofaro, E. D., Kourtellis, N., & Sirivianos, M. (2018) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2018.1432688 · Cited by 34
“According to Schneider et al. (2012), youth who reported lower school performance and lower school attachment were also more likely to be victimized with cyberbullying; in particular, students who received mostly Ds and Fs were twice as likely to be victims of cyberbullying compared to students who…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Technology and the endless “cat and mouse” game: A review of the interpersonal cybervictimization literature
Clevenger, S., Navarro, J. N., & Gilliam, M. (2018) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12639 · Cited by 34
Misinformation and work‐related outcomes of healthcare community: Sequential mediation role of COVID‐19 threat and psychological distress
Khan, A. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22693 · Cited by 33
“Due to the scarcity of literature in the context of COVID‐19 and performance this study is unable to compare these findings, however, results are consistent with the findings in general literature (Lim & Tai, 2014; Schneider et al., 2012).”
Result
Bullying, depression, and parental acceptance in a sample of Latinx sexual and gender minority youth
Abreu, R. L., Lefevor, G. T., Gonzalez, K. A., Barrita, A. M., & Watson, R. J. (2022) · Journal of LGBT Youth · doi:10.1080/19361653.2022.2071791 · Cited by 34
“In fact, a review of the literature revealed that in studies that have explored cyberbullying among SGM youth, Latinx participants are simply absent or represent a small percentage (e.g., Priebe & Svedin, 2012; Schneider et al., 2012).”
Background
Sensibility Development Program against Cyberbullying
Tanrıkulu, T., Kınay, H., & Arıcak, O. T. (2013) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444813511923 · Cited by 34
“Cyberbullying may lead to various mental health problems (Arıcak et al., 2008) in cybervictims, such as depression, fear of people, avoiding technology and virtual environments, using drugs, leaving school, and avoiding responsibilities (Mason, 2008; Morales, 2011; Schneider et al., 2012).”
Background
Temporal ordering effects of adolescent depression, relational aggression, and victimization over six waves: Fully latent reciprocal effects models.
Marsh, H. W., Craven, R. G., Parker, P. D., Parada, R. H., Guo, J., Dicke, T., & Abduljabbar, A. S. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000241 · Cited by 34
The Use of Virtual Reality for Managing Psychological Distress in Adolescents: Systematic Review
Kelson, J. N., Ridout, B., Steinbeck, K., & Campbell, A. J. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0090 · Cited by 31
Exploring Multivariate Profiles of Psychological Distress and Empathy in Early Adolescent Victims, Bullies, and Bystanders Involved in Cyberbullying Episodes
Fabris, M. A., Longobardi, C., Morese, R., & Marengo, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169871 · Cited by 37
Embodied and entangled: Slow violence and harm via digital technologies
Brydolf-Horwitz, R. (2018) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/2399654418791825 · Cited by 33
“To that effect, numerous studies on cyberbullying highlight how youth who are racialized, transgender, queer or indigenous are targeted at greater rates than their cis, straight, white peers (Bailey, 2014a; Schneider et al., 2012; Shariff and Gouin, 2006).”
Background
The Impact of Validity Screening on Associations Between Self-Reports of Bullying Victimization and Student Outcomes
Jia, Y., Konold, T. R., Cornell, D. G., & Huang, F. L. (2016) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164416671767 · Cited by 35
“…2014a, 2014b) and depression (e.g., Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Reed et al., 2015), and negatively associated with student-reported GPA, cognitive engagement, and affective engagement in school (e.g., Beran & Li, 2008; Schneider et al., 2012) after controlling for student- and school-level covariates.”
Background
You Are What You Read: The Belief Systems of Cyber-Bystanders on Social Networking Sites
Leung, A. N. M., Wong, N., & Farver, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00365 · Cited by 34
“Youth who are victims of cyberbullying suffer from numerous negative outcomes (anxiety, fear, depression, and low self-esteem) and they often struggle academically (Schneider et al., 2011).”
Background
Social-ecological correlates of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among African American youth: Negative binomial and zero-inflated negative binomial analyses
Cho, S., Lee, H., Peguero, A. A., & Park, S.-M. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.03.044 · Cited by 37
Victimization in traditional and cyberbullying as risk factors for substance use, self-harm and suicide attempts in high school students
Azami, M. S., & Taremian, F. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2020-010 · Cited by 41
“In this regard, the victims of cyberbullying only were more likely to report depressive symptoms, selfinjury, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than the victims of traditional bullying only (36).”
Background
Cyberbully, Cybervictim, and Forgiveness among Indonesian High School Students.
Safaria, T., Tentama, F., & Suyono, H. (2016) · The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology · Cited by 31
Rethinking Bullying Interventions for High School Students: A Qualitative Study
Midgett, A., Doumas, D. M., Johnston, A., Trull, R., & Miller, R. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2017.1381932 · Cited by 31
“In addition, studies indicate an association between cyberbullying and negative outcomes for students including increased social anxiety (Juvonen & Gross, 2008), increased symptoms of depression (Schneider et al., 2012), and suicide attempts (Schneider et al., 2012).”
Background
A School-Based Multilevel Study of Adolescent Suicide Ideation in California High Schools
Benbenishty, R., Astor, R. A., & Roziner, I. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.070 · Cited by 31
Self-presentation in digital media among adolescent patients with obesity: Striving for integrity, risk-reduction, and social recognition
Holmberg, C., Berg, C., Hillman, T., Lissner, L., & Chaplin, J. E. (2018) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207618807603 · Cited by 39
“This is serious as adolescents report that cyberbullying results in emotional distress, and that they feel more vulnerable when the bully is unknown, which is a common feature in cyberbullying.(25) While a range of negative outcomes are possible, there are also positive aspects associated with using online social netw…”
Background
Cyberbullying experiences in classmates‘ WhatsApp discourse, across public and private contexts
Aizenkot, D. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104814 · Cited by 39
Ecological Factors of Being Bullied Among Adolescents: a Classification and Regression Tree Approach
Moon, S. S., Kim, H., Seay, K. D., Small, E., & Kim, Y. K. (2015) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-015-9343-1 · Cited by 31
“Bullying has led to serious psychological and social impacts for its victims, even to the point of suicide (Bhutani et al. 2014; Ivarsson, Broberg, and Arvidsson 2005; McCabe et al. 2003; Owusu, Hart, Oliver, and Kang 2011; Schneider et al. 2012; Storch et al. 2003).”
Adolescents’ Disclosure and Secrecy About Peer Behavior: Links with Cyber Aggression, Relational Aggression, and Overt Aggression
Goldstein, S. E. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0340-2 · Cited by 40
A binary gender analysis to bullying, dating violence, and attempted suicide: The disproportionate effect of depression and psychological harm
Kim, Y. K., Yang, M., Barthelemy, J. J., & Lofaso, B. M. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.028 · Cited by 30
The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between bullying victimization and adolescents' self-rated health: An exploratory study using the Fragile Families and Wellbeing Study
Zhang, A., Luca, S. M. D., Oh, S., Liu, C., & Song, X. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.046 · Cited by 32
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Cybervictimization, and Academic Performance in Secondary School Students
Martínez-Martínez, A. M., López‐Liria, R., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Trigueros, R., Morales‐Gázquez, M. J., & Pérez, P. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217717 · Cited by 56
Cultural Issues in Bullying and Cyberbullying among Children and Adolescents: Methodological Approaches for Comparative Research
Scheithauer, H., Smith, P. K., & Samara, M. M. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-16000085 · Cited by 30
“…had experienced at least one incident of cyberbullying compared to 77% who had experienced at least one incident of face-to-face bullying, whilst Schneider et al. (2012) found that 15.8% had experienced cyberbullying compared to 25.9% who had experienced face-to-face bullying (cf. Hess &…”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between bullying behavior, perceived school safety, and self‐cutting: a Japanese population‐based school survey
Hamada, S., Kaneko, H., Ogura, M., Yamawaki, A., Maezono, J., Sillanmäki, L. H., Sourander, A., & Honjo, S. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12200 · Cited by 30

Authors: Schneider, S. K., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S.
Affiliations: Education Development Center (US)
Shari Kessel Schneider, Lydia O'Donnell, Ann Stueve, and Robert W. S. Coulter are with the Health and Human Development Division, Education Development Center, Newton Waltham, MA.
ORCID: Schneider, Shari Kessel
Coulter, Robert W. S.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 102
Issue: 1
Pages: 171-177
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300308
PMC: PMC3490574
OpenAlex: W2171148355
Cited by: 966
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 55.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: MetroWest Health Foundation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords: cyberbullying, school bullying, bullying victimization, psychological distress, depressive symptoms, self-harm, suicidality, suicide attempts, sexual minority youth, academic performance, school attachment, high school students, bullying prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Data Collection, Educational Status, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Schools, Stress, Psychological, Logistic Models, Internet, Bullying

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Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students

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