Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students
Abstract
Purpose Electronic communications technologies are affording children and adolescents new means of bullying one another. Referred to as electronic bullying, cyberbullying, or online social cruelty, this phenomenon includes bullying through e-mail, instant messaging, in a chat room, on a website, or through digital messages or images sent to a cell phone. The present study examined the prevalence of electronic bullying among middle school students.Methods A total of 3,767 middle school students in grades 6, 7, and 8 who attend six elementary and middle schools in the southeastern and northwestern United States completed a questionnaire, consisting of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and 23 questions developed for this study that examined participants' experiences with electronic bullying, as both victims and perpetrators.Results Of the students, 11% that they had been electronically bullied at least once in the last couple of months (victims only); 7% indicated that they were bully/victims; and 4% had electronically bullied someone else at least once in the previous couple of months (bullies only). The most common methods for electronic bullying (as reported by both victims and perpetrators) involved the use of instant messaging, chat rooms, and e-mail. Importantly, close to half of the electronic bully victims reported not knowing the perpetrator's identity.Conclusions Electronic bullying represents a problem of significant magnitude. As children's use of electronic communications technologies is unlikely to wane in coming years, continued attention to electronic bullying is critical. Implications of these findings for youth, parents, and educators are discussed.
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As children and adolescents age, increased use of computers, social media and digital devices heightens their cyberbullying risk.
“Research shows that as children and adolescents age, their increased use of computers, integration into social media and exposure to digital devices heighten their cyberbullying risk140.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [140]
Females may interpret online comments as hurtful more quickly than males, contributing to higher reported victimization and overrepresentation in cyberbullying research.
“Furthermore, females may interpret online comments as hurtful more quickly than males139, contributing to higher reported levels of victimization and may, therefore, be overrepresented in cyberbullying research140,141.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [140]
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- Authors
- Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Clemson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kowalski, Robin M.
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- S22-S30
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122263961
- Cited by
- 1,580
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 139 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 119
- FWCI
- 47.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, junior high school students, bullying prevalence, bullying victims, bullying perpetrators, instant messaging, chat rooms, email, Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Communications Media, Electronics, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Social Behavior, Students, United States, Prevalence, Chi-Square Distribution, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Crime Victims
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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