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Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Using data from a regional census of high school students, we have documented the prevalence of cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and their associations with psychological distress. METHODS: In the fall of 2008, 20,406 ninth- through twelfth-grade students in MetroWest Massachusetts completed surveys assessing their bullying victimization and psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, self-injury, and suicidality. RESULTS: A total of 15.8% of students reported cyberbullying and 25.9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. A majority (59.7%) of cyberbullying victims were also school bullying victims; 36.3% of school bullying victims were also cyberbullying victims. Victimization was higher among nonheterosexually identified youths. Victims report lower school performance and school attachment. Controlled analyses indicated that distress was highest among victims of both cyberbullying and school bullying (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] were from 4.38 for depressive symptoms to 5.35 for suicide attempts requiring medical treatment). Victims of either form of bullying alone also reported elevated levels of distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the need for prevention efforts that address both forms of bullying and their relation to school performance and mental health.
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“Most cyberbullying research that includes TGD individuals is focused on LGBT adolescents rather than on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically [3,22,23,24].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“sexual-minority youth are victims of cyberbullying at more than twice the rate of their heterosexual peers [24].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Schneider et al. (2012) | Grades 9-12 | 20,406 United States Victim | Depressive symptomology, suicide ideation, self-injury and suicide attempt”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Schneider et al. (2012)
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“…2023) and, in particular, report higher levels of internalizing symptoms (Chudal et al., 2021; Holfeld & Mishna, 2019; Pengpid & Peltzer, 2023; Schneider et al., 2012) and a greater tendency towards deviant behavior (K. J. Thomas & McCuddy, 2020) and risky behavior (Ossa et al., 2023; Pengpid…”
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“…de la présente recherche rejoignent ceux d’autres études menées auprès d’élèves de la fin du secondaire qui rapportaient jusqu’à 19 % de jeunes victimisés (Fortin, 2002 ; Schneider et al., 2012 ; Hemphill et al., 2014), sans toutefois avoir fait de distinction entre les formes de victimisation.”
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“For instance, students who have cyberbullying victim experiences often reported higher levels of externalizing and internalizing symptoms and thoughts of suicide (e.g., Gini et al., 2018; Schneider et al., 2012; Waasdorp and Bradshaw, 2015).”
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Cabral, L. F. S., Gusmão, B. D. A., Barbosa, F. R., Neto, A. C. D. F., dos Anjos, R. S., Monteiro, V. R., de Menezes, V. A., Colares, V., da Franca›, C., & Godoy, F. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i14.21439 · Cited by 2
An Exploration of SETA in Cyber Bullying to Reduce Social Harm & Juvenile Suicide
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“Cyberbullying is a varying form of online harassment [15] that has been defined as, the use of electronic means to carry out an aggressive act of behavior, done by an individual or group against a victim who cannot easily defend themselves [7].”
BackgroundDijital Vatandaşlık ve Siber Zorbalık Arasındaki İlişkide Aleksitiminin Düzenleyici Etkisi
Kaptangil, K., & Kaptangil, İ. (2023) · Cankiri Karatekin Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi · doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1302545 · Cited by 2
Exposure to bullying between medical and non-medical university students in Bahrain
Algahtani, H. M., Aldandan, L. H., Jahrami, H., Kamal, D., & SILVERMAN, H. J. (2023) · Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research · doi:10.1108/agjsr-04-2023-0160 · Cited by 2
Gamez, A. M., Hernandez, R. A., Garcia, A., & Navarro, J. S. (2024) · Advances in early childhood and K-12 education · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1451-7.ch007 · Cited by 2
CYBERMOBBING AS A GLOBAL INTERNET PROBLEM AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE
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Gefen, A., Gross, Z., & Heiman, T. (2024) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2021-0234 · Cited by 2
Research on cyberbullying and suicide: a bibliometric analysis
Denche-Zamorano, Á. M., Mendoza-Muñoz, M., Barrios‐Fernández, S., Galán-Arroyo, C., Adsuar, J. C., & Rojo-Ramos, J. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23327 · Cited by 5
Cyberbullying victimization among university students- a national study of Pakistan
Saleem, S., Khan, N. F., Zafar, S. N., & Ahmed, M. (2025) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-025-00470-8 · Cited by 5
Dadras, O. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00718-w · Cited by 2
“Cyberbullying can also lead to negative school experiences and lower academic performance, which may contribute to substance use as an escape mechanism (Schneider et al., 2012).”
Alshawareb, I. J., & Alnasraween, M. S. (2019) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v13n1p104 · Cited by 2
“…any reference to the dangers of creating electronic accounts on social networking websites, the results of this study were agreed with the study (Schneider et al., 2012), which aimed to reveal the relationship between electronic and traditional bullying in school, and its impact on the…”
BackgroundInfluentialDanger of cyberbullying and Internet dependence of teenagers: interrelations and properties
Шейнов, В. П., Карпиевич, В. А., Dyatchik, N. V., & Polkhovskaya, G. N. (2020) · Journal of the Belarusian State University Sociology · doi:10.33581/2521-6821-2020-3-64-72 · Cited by 2
Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Cyberbullying Scale
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Individual, Social, and Occupational Effects of Cyberbullying During Adolescence
Yurdakul, Y., Beyazıt, U., & Ayhan, A. B. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5594-4.ch067 · Cited by 2
Wyly, E. K. (2014) · City · doi:10.1080/13604813.2014.962897 · Cited by 2
“…economies for the offlabel use of Adderall, Ritalin and other ADHD drugs as academic steroids (Schwarz 2012); evolutionary plagues of cyberbullying (Schneider et al. 2012) and Internet addiction that, at the limit, are regularly implicated in cases of student suicides (Hinduja and Patchin 2010);…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, S. K., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S.
- Affiliations
- Education Development Center (US)
- Shari Kessel Schneider, Lydia O'Donnell, Ann Stueve, and Robert W. S. Coulter are with the Health and Human Development Division, Education Development Center, Newton Waltham, MA.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 171-177
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3490574
- OpenAlex
- W2171148355
- Cited by
- 966
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 55.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- MetroWest Health Foundation
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, school bullying, bullying victimization, psychological distress, depressive symptoms, self-harm, suicidality, suicide attempts, sexual minority youth, academic performance, school attachment, high school students, bullying prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Data Collection, Educational Status, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Schools, Stress, Psychological, Logistic Models, Internet, Bullying
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